1. 宏村

宏村位于黟縣縣城東北 10 公里，背山面水，風(fēng)景優(yōu)美。村中的人工水系獨具匠

心,水圳繞家串戶，與村中央的月沼、村南面的南湖相互貫通，形成山、水、人家

相協(xié)調(diào)的人居環(huán)境。宏村美麗的湖沼景觀、特色鮮明的古民居、寧靜的古街巷，

與幽雅的山水背景，構(gòu)成絕佳的鄉(xiāng)村圖畫，堪稱中國古村落的典范。

Hongcun Village is located about 10 kilometers (6 miles) off the northeast part of

Yixian County.Encircled by green hills, two streams run through the village.

Morning mists, gray tiles, white walls, stone bridges, water lily ponds, and hills at

the background, are all elements of traditional Chinese landscape paintings.

Hongcun village has all of these features, and has been named “a village in

Chinese painting”. Hongcun is unique among all Chinese villages for its

sophisticated water system. Water is the main feature in this village. Its two large

ponds are connected to a series of flowing streams which pass by every house,

providing water for washing, cooking, and bathing. Hongcun's marvelous lake

view, unique architectural features of local residences and tranquil lanes present

tourists a typical representative of chinese ancient village.

2. 巷弄交錯

山多地狹的地緣因素和聚族而居的血緣關(guān)系，形成徽州村落街巷密集、幽深多變

的空間特色。村落建筑群體由曲折幽深的巷道分割或相通，巷道狹窄。在巷弄的

拐角處，往往多有人性化的設(shè)計。街巷路面多用石板鋪砌。街巷兩邊的建筑，有

大小繁簡不同的門樓或門罩，高低錯落的馬頭山墻、曲折的墻面和形態(tài)各異的小

窗，給人以步移景換的感覺。

Narrow and winding lanes are the distinct feature of Huizhou ancient villages.

They keep the widely scattered residential buildings connected within the same

village. Many turning points of the lanes tend to have some novel and creative

designing elements. Besides, the lanes are normally installed with crude pavingstone appealing to our eyes. What is more, the houses on both sides together

with the doors, walls, and windows of different sizes, make it pleasant to our eyes.

3. 石敢當(dāng)

石敢當(dāng)為長方形石碑，通常被置于村落入口處、河流池槽邊、門前巷口、三叉路

口直沖處等，有的鑲嵌在墻中，有的獨立效置。這是一種民間辟邪慎煞之物。相

傳黃帝時蚩尤殘暴，登臨泰山，聲稱天下無人敢當(dāng)。女婿投所煉補(bǔ)天石以制其暈，

肯尤畏懼。后人道傭“泰山石敢當(dāng)”以為鎮(zhèn)那神石。

Shi-gan-dang is an ornamental stone tablet. usually placed at the entrance of

villages, near rivers and ponds. in front of house gates, lane intersections or threeway junctions, especially in the crossing, which is often considered a place of bad

fortune. Some are laid inside the walls and others are laid outside.The Shi-gandang is often associated with Taishan Mountain and is used to cast off evil spirits.

It is said that Chi You, the legendary leader of the ancient Jiuli tribe, was brutal

and loved fighting, and people feared him. He amounted to the top of Taishan

Mountain, claiming that no one in the world could fight against him. Chi You's

bold words angered Nuws, a goddess in ancient Chinese mythology best known

for creating mankind and repairing the pillar of heaven. She threw the stone which

was once used to repair the pillar of heaven at him and Chi You became fearful.

Thus people lases employ Shi-gam-dang to exorcise evil spirits

4. 徽州石步

徽州許多村落家家戶戶門前有水圳，哪怕再窄的巷道邊也有流水，水圳上方隔一

段會有一塊條石，供來往行人暫時立足，相互避讓。清清的水流上那方石塊便叫

“石步”，體現(xiàn)了徽州人禮讓的風(fēng)尚和徽州建筑的智慧。

Another feature of Huizhou villages is that canal water runs through every

household, even for the narrowest lanes. Then how can people make way for each

other in such narrow lanes? Here come the stepping stones. Stepping stones are

stone slabs installed above the running water, providing a temporary space for

people to stand on. Stepping stones vividly demonstrate the ingenuity and

wisdom of ancient Huizhou people.

5. 過街樓

過街樓是一種特殊建筑式樣，一般建在房屋正廳之外的街巷上空，依托街道或巷

弄兩旁的屋墻，架木鋪設(shè)樓板筑成?？v向街道兩側(cè)，樓的下半段磚墻砌在樓板上，

上半段為可裝可拆的槽板。過街樓在形制上屬正屋的附屬建筑，有瞭望、值更和

禮儀奏樂等功能。

Arcade is just one of the typical features of Huizhou architecture. Generally built

in the streets outside the main hall, relying on the house walls on both sides of

the street or alley, wood laying floor built. On both sides of the street, the lower

half of the building's brick wall is built on the floor slab, and the upper half is a

removable trough slab. In form, the street building is an accessory building of the

main house, which has the functions of lookout, value watch and ritual music.

6. 上梁儀式

上梁儀式主要是指安裝建筑物屋頂最高一根中梁的過程。本展項通過圖文及視頻

結(jié)合的方式，向來賓展示“上梁儀式”的全部過程，從中不僅能看到“上梁儀式”在

建筑結(jié)構(gòu)實用上的重要位置，還能感受到無形的精神層面意義，從而加深對徽派

建筑和徽州文化的了解。

The central beam raising ceremony celebrates the installation of the highest

horizontal beam in house building. The combined graphic and video presentation

will demonstrate the whole process. The ceremony not only marks the practical

importance of the central beam in the building structure, but also manifests the

spiritual significance, which deepens our understanding of the Huizhou

architecture and Huizhou culture.

古徽州，民間建筑藝術(shù)相當(dāng)發(fā)達(dá),建房有別具一格的傳統(tǒng)舊俗。擇黃道吉日，豎屋

架，釘椽蓋瓦都有著豐富的文化內(nèi)涵。其中“贊梁”，“祭梁”，“上梁”等，場面隆重

而又熱鬧，且有濃郁的祭神色彩，至今仍在鄉(xiāng)間沿襲。

Ancient Huizhou, the folk architecture art is quite developed, building a unique

style of traditional customs. Choosing the auspicious day of the zodiac, erecting

the roof truss, nailing the rafter roof tile all have rich cultural connotations. Among

them, \"praise beam\", \"offering beam\", \"upper beam\", etc., the scene is grand and

lively, and has a strong color of offering God, which is still followed in the

countryside.

由于徽州地處皖南山區(qū)，木材資源豐富，憑借這一條件，民居建筑自古至今一直

以木結(jié)構(gòu)為主流。以每一座單體民居來說，條石承載屋身的重量，此為“屋基”；

中間一層是木結(jié)構(gòu)的屋身，四周用磚塊砌成墻壁；最上面一層是瓦頂，這樣就形

成了一座民居。走進(jìn)民居之內(nèi)，石墩立著木柱，木柱上架以梁、枋、斗拱、桁條、

椽子，組成承托屋蓋的屋架，屋頂蓋瓦。從外觀看白色的墻壁很漂亮，其實并不

承負(fù)大的重量，只起間隔內(nèi)外、遮風(fēng)擋雨以及防止野獸侵崐襲的作用。所謂“墻

倒屋不塌”就是徽州木結(jié)構(gòu)民居獨有的特點。

Because Huizhou is located in the mountainous area of southern Anhui Province,

wood resources are abundant. Depending on this condition, wood structure has

been the mainstream of residential buildings since ancient times. For each single

house, the strip stone bears the weight of the house, which is the \"roof base\"; The

middle floor is a wood-framed house surrounded by brick walls; The top layer is

a tile roof, which forms a dwelling house. Into the residential houses, the stone

pier stands on the wooden column, the wooden column shelves with beams, fang,

brackets, trusses, rafters, to form the roof truss supporting the roof cover, the roof

cover tile. The white wall is very beautiful from the outside, in fact, it does not bear

a large weight, and only plays the role of separating the inside and outside,

shielding the wind and rain, and preventing the beast from invading. The socalled \"walls fall down and houses do not fall down\" is the unique feature of

Huizhou wooden structure residential houses.

7. 屋脊獸

在我國古代建筑的屋脊上，我們可以很容易看到一些神獸的造型，這就是人們所

說的吻獸。吻獸是一些神獸的造型，這就是人們所說的吻獸。吻獸是中國古建筑

中屋脊獸飾的總稱，要說的鴟吻指的是正脊兩端的這種吻獸，它是吻獸的一種。

鴟吻最早的名稱是蚩尾。唐代蘇鶚寫的《蘇氏演義》中提到：蚩者，海獸也。漢

武帝作柏梁殿，有上疏者云：蚩尾，水之精，能辟火災(zāi)，可置之殿堂。今人多做

鴟字。鴟尾也作鴟吻。

漢于宮殿屋脊兩端曾流行鴟尾裝飾。漢時方士認(rèn)為，天上有魚尾形，置于屋頂可

防火，于是有了魚尾形裝飾。唐時鴟尾無首，宋時有首有吻。明清時期屋脊以龍

形為主，魚尾形僅在在南方建筑中存在，尾部透空翹卷。

On the roof ridge of ancient buildings in our country, we can easily see the shape

of some gods, which is what people call the animal. An animal is a form of some

divine animal, and this is what people call an animal. An animal is the general

name of the roof ridge animal decoration in ancient Chinese architecture. The

ornament of the roof and ridge refers to the animal on both ends of the positive

ridge. It is a kind of animal. The earliest name of the ornament was Hile tail. In the

Romance of Su Shi written by Su E in the Tang Dynasty, it is mentioned that \"Hick

is the sea animal.\" Emperor Wudi of Han Dynasty made Bailiang Hall, there are

clouds on the dredger: the tail, the essence of water, can save the fire, can be

placed in the hall. Today people do more words. The tail is also known as a kiss.

In Han Dynasty, the roof ridge of the palace was decorated in the fashion of the

tail. Han Dynasty practitioners believe that there is a fishtail shape in the sky, and

it can be placed on the roof to prevent fire, so there is a fishtail shape decoration.

In the Tang and Song Dynasties, there was a kiss on the head. In the Ming and

Qing dynasties, the roof ridge was mainly shaped like a dragon, and the fish-tail

shape existed only in the southern buildings, with the tail full of air and curled.

8. 作退一步想

黟縣西遞繡樓下方的門帽上，嵌有一塊刻有五個篆字“作退一步想”的石雕題

額，語意雙關(guān)，耐人尋味，是屋主胡文照待人處事的座右銘。他以此勉勵自

己，也提醒他人。他的廚房比正屋退后一步，正屋的墻角也削去了三分之一，

方便路人挑擔(dān)、推車、抬轎。

On the lintel of a Embroidery Compound in Xidi Village. Yixian County there is a

stone slab with Chinese characters meaning \"Give a second thought”This is how

Hu Wenzhao the owner of the house. constantly reminded himself of the

principles of getting along with others. Put yourself in others’shoes, and be not

particular about one's personal gains and losses. As the old saying goes

\"tolerance makes space\" it is not worthwhile to make an enemy because of

unnecessary trifles, This philosophy could also find its way in his house design,

The kitchen is one step back from the sitting room. and the one third of sitting

room's wall corner is cut off, making it convenient for passers-by in the lane

9. 拐彎抹角

村落的巷弄都較窄，不利于轎子或其他運輸工具拐彎。為方便通行，一些房主

在建房時便把拐考處的墻角去掉一部分，建成斜面或者烈形，地基和墻角都成

斜面、到了一定高度又恢復(fù)成直角。有的墻上還特地刻著“滴水為界”

Most lanes in Huizhou are quite narrow, making it difficult for sedans and other

transportation means to make turns. For convenient purposes, the walls at the

turning corners are particularly not designed with traditional angle, but with

slope or are-shaped walls. The foundations and the wall corners near the

ground are all designed in the same way, and slightly changed to be normal

angle when it is not causing such trouble, Some walls are specifically engraved

with \"Dripping water is for the boundary\".

10. 牌坊

徽州古牌坊俗名牌樓。它不同于民居（民居是住人的），也不同于祠廟（祠廟是

供神的）。是一種門洞式的、紀(jì)念性的獨特的建筑物。是由欞星門衍變而來的。

欞星原作靈星，靈星即天田星。漢高祖規(guī)定：祭天天先祭靈星。

宋（南宋）元年以后，尤其是明清，這種建筑不僅置于郊壇、孔廟，還建于廟

宇、陵墓、祠堂、衙署和園林前或街旁、里前、路口。也不僅用于祭天、祀

孔，還用于褒揚功德，旌表節(jié)烈等等，于是靈星門不僅一變成為欞星門，而且

再變?yōu)榕品?。牌坊就其建造意圖來說，可分為三類：一類為標(biāo)志坊；二類為功

德坊；三類是標(biāo)志科舉成就的。

徽州原有牌坊一千多個，

現(xiàn)尚存有一百多個，歙縣被譽為“中國牌坊之鄉(xiāng)”。

Huizhou ancient archway common name archway. It is different from a dwelling

house (where people live), and it is different from a temple (where temples are

for gods). It is a kind of door-type, monumental and unique building. It's

derived from Lingxing Gate.

Lingxing original spirit star, spirit star is Tian Tian star. Emperor Gaozu of Han

stipulated: Sacrifice heaven first sacrifice spirit star.

After the first year of the Song (Southern Song), especially in the Ming and Qing

Dynasties, this kind of architecture was not only placed on the outskirts of the

altar, Confucian temple, but also built in front of temples, mausoleums, ancestral

halls, government offices and gardens, or beside the street, in front of the front,

and at the intersection. It is not only used for offering sacrifices to heaven and

offering sacrifices to holes, but also for praising merits, banners and so on, so

the Lingxing Gate not only becomes Lingxing Gate, but also becomes a

memorial arch. In terms of its construction intention, the archway can be divided

into three categories: one is the logo; The second category is merit workshop;

The third category marks the achievement of the imperial examination.

There are more than 1,000 original archways in Huizhou.

There are still more than one hundred, Shexian county is known as \"the town of

Chinese archway\".