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法律義務(wù)線索對受訪者態(tài)度的影響要強(qiáng)于共同做法線索。本文還顯示了基于黨派和對全球公民社會認(rèn)
同的分組差異。這些結(jié)果表明，國際法的法律性質(zhì)對國內(nèi)守法的拉動作用至關(guān)重要。
【原文】Despite significant debate about the ability of international law to constrain state behavior, recent
research points to domestic mechanisms that deter non-compliance, most notably public disapproval of
governments that violate treaty agreements. However, existing studies have not explicitly differentiated two
distinct, theoretically important motivations that underlie this disapproval: respect for legal obligations versus
the desire to follow common global practices. We design an innovative survey experiment in Japan that
manipulates information about these two potential channels directly. We examine attitudes towards four
controversial practices that fall afoul of international law—same-surname marriage, whaling, hate speech
regulation, and capital punishment—and find that the legal obligation cue has a stronger effect on respondent
attitudes than the common practices cue. We also show subgroup differences based on partisanship and
identification with global civil society. These results demonstrate that the legal nature of international law is
crucial to domestic compliance pull.
5. 憲法遵守情況比較數(shù)據(jù)庫（The comparative constitutional compliance database）
Jerg Gutmann，德國漢堡大學(xué)法律與經(jīng)濟(jì)系副教授
Katarzyna Metelska-Szaniawska，波蘭華沙大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)科學(xué)系副教授
Stefan Voigt，德國漢堡大學(xué)法律與經(jīng)濟(jì)系副教授
【摘要】本文介紹了一個衡量政府遵守/符合國家憲法（合憲性）情況的新型數(shù)據(jù)庫。它將法律上的憲
法規(guī)則信息與事實上的憲法實施數(shù)據(jù)相結(jié)合。各個合憲性指標(biāo)可分為四類，本文將其匯總為合憲性的
總體指標(biāo)：財產(chǎn)權(quán)與法治、政治權(quán)利、公民權(quán)利和基本人權(quán)。該數(shù)據(jù)庫涵蓋了 1900 年至 2020 年期間
的 175 個國家，可供有興趣研究（不）符合憲法的決定因素或影響的研究人員使用。本文對合憲性的
典型事實進(jìn)行的調(diào)查顯示，合憲性的情況長期呈上升趨勢，這主要發(fā)生在 1990 年前后。美洲的合憲
性增長最快，但非洲和歐洲的憲合憲性也有所提高，尤其是在冷戰(zhàn)結(jié)束時。民主國家，尤其是議會制
和混合制國家，比非民主國家更遵守憲法，其中軍事獨(dú)裁國家表現(xiàn)最差。憲法設(shè)計也很重要：允許因
違反憲法規(guī)定而罷免國家元首或政府首腦的憲法得到了更多的遵守。
【原文】This article introduces a novel database that measures governments’ compliance with national
constitutions. It combinesinformation on de jure constitutional rules with data on their de facto implementation.
The individual compliance indicators can be grouped into four categories that we aggregate into an overall
indicator of constitutional compliance: property rights and the rule of law, political rights, civil rights, and
basic human rights. The database covers 175 countries over the period 1900 to 2020 and can be used by
researchers interested in studying the determinants or the effects of (non)compliance with constitutions. Our
investigation of the stylized facts of constitutional compliance reveals a long-term increase in compliance,
which occurred primarily around the year 1990. The Americas experienced the steepest increase in compliance,
but also Africa and Europe improved particularly at the end of the Cold War. Democracies – particularly those
with parliamentary and mixed systems – show more constitutional compliance than nondemocracies, among
which military dictatorships perform the worst. Constitutional design also matters: Constitutions that allow for
