塵螨過敏

Dust mites

ALLERGY

3 4

目錄

CONTENTS.

1

塵螨過敏

的危害

Thehazardsofdust

miteallergy 2

塵螨

過敏原

Dust miteallergy

塵螨過敏

環(huán)境控制

Environmental

control

塵螨過敏

診療策略

Diagnosisand

treatmentscheme

The hazards of dust mite allergy

一

.塵螨過敏的危害

塵螨是中國室內(nèi)過敏原的主要來

源，可誘發(fā)過敏性鼻結(jié)膜炎、過敏

性哮喘、特應(yīng)性皮炎等疾病，兒童

患者多于成人。

在門診鼻炎和哮喘患者中，塵螨過

敏陽性率全國平均數(shù)據(jù)高達(dá)50%

以上，并且逐年上升 。

不同地區(qū)塵螨過敏患病率有顯著差

異，南方明顯高于北方。塵螨是常

年性過敏原，可引起患者全年持續(xù)

性過敏癥狀 。

Dust mite is a predominant

source of indoor aeroallergen in

China, which induces allergic

diseases including allergic

rhinoconjunctivitis, allergic

asthma, atopic eczema and other

allergic skin diseases,Children

have more patients than adults.

In outpatient rhinitis and asthma

patients, the national average

data of dust mite allergy positive

rate is as high as more than 50%,

and it is increasing year by year .

The prevalence of dust mite

allergy was significantly different

in different regions, and it was

higher in the south than in the

north . Dust mites are perennial

allergens that can cause allergic

symptoms that persist

throughout the year .

［1］

［2］

1

2

THREE 塵螨過敏的危害 01

一

、過敏性鼻炎

Allergic Rhinitis

過敏性鼻炎(Allergic Rhinitis, AR)是機體反復(fù)接觸過敏原后而產(chǎn)生

的鼻黏膜非感染性慢性炎性疾病，鼻塞、鼻癢、打噴嚏、流鼻涕是

過敏性鼻炎常見的癥狀 。我國AR人群超過2.5億，兒童AR患病率高

達(dá)15.79% 。

［3］

Allergic Rhinitis (AR) is a non-infectious chronic inflammatory

disease of the nasal mucosa caused by repeated exposure to

allergens. Nasal congestion, itching, sneezing, and runny nose

are the common symptoms of allergic rhinitis. Chinese AR

population is more than 250 million, and the prevalence of AR

in children is as high as 15.79% .

3

1.過敏性鼻炎特殊體征

用手反復(fù)向上揉鼻導(dǎo)致鼻部皺痕，出現(xiàn)在鼻子中下1/3處。

Clinical symptoms of Allergic Rhinitis

① 鼻部橫向皺痕 Transverse crease of the nose

Repeated rubbing of the nose with the hand leads

to nasal creases, which appear in the middle and

lower third of the nose.

由于下眼瞼腫脹導(dǎo)致靜脈回流障礙而出現(xiàn)的下瞼暗影。

熊貓眼 Dark circles

Darkening of the lower eyelid due to the swelling

of the lower eyelid resulting in an obstruction of

venous return.

②

02 塵螨過敏的危害

經(jīng)常向上揉鼻子的動作被稱為“變應(yīng)性敬禮”

。

③ 變應(yīng)性敬禮 Allergic salute

The constant upward rubbing of the nose is

called an \"allergic salute.\"

長期的鼻塞導(dǎo)致一直張口呼吸，呈現(xiàn)出腭部高拱，牙齒

咬合畸形的面容。

腺樣體面容 Adenoid facies

Chronic nasal congestion leads to open mouth

breathing, as shown by the facial features with a

high arch of the palate and malocclusion of the

teeth.

④

2.過敏性鼻炎的危害 The hazards of Allergic Rhinitis

誘發(fā)多種并發(fā)癥：分泌性中耳炎、慢性鼻竇炎、上呼吸道咳嗽綜合征、

甚至在“過敏進程”的影響下發(fā)展為更嚴(yán)重的哮喘 ，見圖1.1.1。

A variety of complications are induced: secretory otitis media,

chronic sinusitis, upper respiratory cough syndrome, and even

lesd to asthma under the influence of the \"allergic process\" , see

Figure 1.1.1.

［4］

4

塵螨過敏的危害 03

04 塵螨過敏的危害

出生 1.5歲 3歲 7歲

食物過敏

特應(yīng)性皮炎

過敏性哮喘

過敏性鼻炎

成年期困擾終身

過

敏

性

疾

病

自

然

進

程

圖1.1.1 過敏進程

Fig 1.1.1 Allergic process

過敏進程：過敏性疾病在嬰幼兒時期表現(xiàn)為濕疹或食物過敏，之后逐漸

出現(xiàn)鼻炎和哮喘的過程。

Allergic Process: The course of allergic disease that begins in infancy as

eczema or food allergies, and then gradually develops into rhinitis and

asthma.

目光呆滯

反感力下降

鼻子變扁

頜骨變長

腭骨高拱

嘴唇變短

牙齒不齊

面容改變：長期鼻炎導(dǎo)致腺樣體肥

大，形成頜骨變長、腭骨突出、嘴唇

變厚等為特征的“腺樣體面容”

，造

成不可逆的面容改變，見圖1.1.2；

Facial changes: Long-term rhinitis

leads to adenoid hypertrophy,

forming \"adenoid visage\"

characterized by lengthening jaw

bone, protruding palate bone, and

thickening lips, resulting in

irreversible facial changes, as

shown in Figure 1.1.2; 圖1.1.2 腺樣體面容特征

Fig 1.1.2 Facial features of adenoids

影響學(xué)習(xí)認(rèn)知：鼻塞造成睡眠障礙，精

神不佳，影響大腦認(rèn)知，記憶力下降；

Affect learning and cognition: nasal

congestion causes sleep disorders,

poor mental health, affects brain

cognition, memory decline;

影響情緒與社交：鼻炎頑固反復(fù)影響正常生活，影響社交，易煩躁、

抑郁、焦慮，見圖1.1.3。

Affect mood and social interaction: rhinitis stubborn and

repeated impact on normal life, social impact, irritability,

depression, anxiety, see Figure 1.1.3.

10.51 10.19

社會適應(yīng)性評分

健康兒童

2.4 3.18

內(nèi)化行為評分

過敏患兒更傾向于獨處，

心情低落甚至抑郁！

過敏患兒的外出活動與伙

伴玩耍意愿更低！

［5］

鼻炎兒童

［5］

Allergic children are more likely to be

alone, depressed and even depressed

Allergies children were less willing to

go out and play with their partners

圖1.1.3 腺樣體面容特征

Fig 1.1.3 Analysis of emotional and social effects of AR on children

塵螨過敏的危害 05

3.過敏性鼻炎與感冒的區(qū)別

“我感冒好久了，老是不好”

。實際上，

“感冒”太久，就不一定是感

冒了，有可能就是過敏性鼻炎！

The difference between AR and cold

\"I've had a cold for a long time and it's always bad.\" In fact, \"cold\"

too long, it is not necessarily a cold, may be allergic rhinitis!

圖1.1.4 過敏性鼻炎與感冒的區(qū)別

Fig 1.1.4 The difference between AR and cold

06 塵螨過敏的危害

塵螨過敏的危害 07

4.過敏性鼻炎發(fā)病機制 Pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis

AR的病理生理學(xué)發(fā)病機制比較復(fù)雜，機體接觸過敏原（塵螨等）后可產(chǎn)

生特異性IgE，特異性IgE可與肥大細(xì)胞額嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞上的IgE受體結(jié)

合，形成致敏狀態(tài)，再次接觸相同過敏原就會發(fā)生過敏反應(yīng) ，見圖

1.1.5。

The pathophysiological pathogenesis of AR is relatively complex.

Specific IgE can be produced after the body is exposed to

allergens (dust mites, etc.), which can bind to IgE receptors on

the frontal eosinophils of mast cells to form an sensitized state,

and allergic reactions will occur when the same allergen is

exposed again , as shown in Figure 1.1.5.

［6］

6

圖1.1.5 過敏性鼻炎的發(fā)病機制

Fig 1.1.5 Pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis

［1］Wang W,et al.Clinical and Translational Allergy,2022,12(2):e12116.

［2］Guan K et al.Clinical Review in Allergy & Immunology,2019,57:128-143.

［3］中華耳鼻咽喉頭頸外科雜志，2022，57(4)

［4］ Research Progress in Atopic March. Front Immunol 2020;11(0):1907.

［5］Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2011;154(3):249-57.

［6］Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2019;15:24

參考文獻(xiàn) Reference

Allergic Asthma (AA) is a heterogeneous disease characterized

by chronic airway inflammation and airway

hyperresponsiveness, with recurrent wheezing, shortness of

breath, and chest tightness as the main clinical manifestations,

as shown in Figure 1.2.1. It often occurs or intensifies at night

and/or early in the morning. The number of asthma patients is

also increasing year by year, the prevalence rate of asthma is

4.2%, 50% of adult asthma is allergic asthma, and 80% of

children asthma patients are caused by allergies. Severe

asthma can be life-threatening !

二、過敏性哮喘

Allergic Asthma

過敏性哮喘(Allergic Asthma, AA)是一種慢性氣道炎癥和氣道高反

應(yīng)性為特征的異質(zhì)性疾病，以反復(fù)發(fā)作的喘息、氣促、胸悶為主要

臨床表現(xiàn)，見圖1.2.1。常在夜間和（或）凌晨發(fā)作或加劇。哮喘患

病人數(shù)也逐年升高，20歲及以上哮喘患病率為4.2%，50%的成人

哮喘是過敏性哮喘，兒童哮喘患者更是高達(dá)80%是由過敏引起的，

嚴(yán)重的哮喘可危及生命 ！

［1］

1

Short of breath cough Be short of breath chest distress

圖1.2.1 過敏性哮喘的臨床表現(xiàn)

Fig 1.2.1 Clinical manifestations of allergic asthma

08 塵螨過敏的危害

1.過敏性哮喘的危害 The dangers of allergic asthma

［2］

生活質(zhì)量降低：氣流受限的患者生活

質(zhì)量較差，成人誤工、兒童誤學(xué)，導(dǎo)

致生活質(zhì)量受損嚴(yán)重；

Reduced quality of life: patients

with restricted airflow have poor

quality of life, adults miss work and

children miss school, resulting in

serious impairment of quality of life;

致死風(fēng)險：哮喘發(fā)作可致氣胸、縱膈氣

腫、肺不張、呼吸衰竭，甚至死亡！

Risk of death: Asthma attacks can

lead to pneumothorax, mediastinal

emphysema, atelectasis, respiratory

failure, and even death!

誘發(fā)多種慢性并發(fā)癥：哮喘長期反復(fù)發(fā)作或

感染可致慢性并發(fā)癥，如慢阻肺、支氣管擴

張、間質(zhì)性肺炎、肺纖維化等。

Induces a variety of chronic

complications: long-term repeated

attacks or infections of asthma can lead

to chronic complications, such as COPD,

bronchiectasis, interstitial pneumonia,

pulmonary fibrosis and so on.

塵螨過敏的危害 09

IgE在過敏性哮喘的發(fā)生、發(fā)展中起關(guān)鍵作用，其介導(dǎo)的過敏性哮喘的

發(fā)病機制主要包括4個方面 ，見圖1.2.2。

IgE介導(dǎo)的過敏原的跨膜轉(zhuǎn)運

IgE介導(dǎo)過敏原觸發(fā)過敏反應(yīng)

IgE對過敏級聯(lián)反應(yīng)的作用

IgE直接作用于平滑肌細(xì)胞促進氣道重塑

2.過敏性哮喘發(fā)病機制 Pathogenesis of allergic asthma

IgE plays a key role in the occurrence and development of

allergic asthma, and its mediated pathogenesis of allergic

asthma mainly includes four aspects , as shown in Figure 1.2.2.

［3］

3

IgE mediated transmembrane transport of allergens

IgE mediates allergens to trigger allergic reactions

The role of IgE in the allergic cascade

IgE directly acts on smooth muscle cells to promote airway

remodeling

圖1.2.2過敏性哮喘的發(fā)病機制

Fig 1.2.2 Pathogenesis of allergic asthma

［1］中華內(nèi)科雜志, 2019, 58(9):636-655. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0578-1426.2019.09.004.

［2］J Asthma. 2020;57(11):1263-1272. doi:10.1080/02770903.2019.1645168.

［3］中華結(jié)核和呼吸雜志, 2022, 45(04):341-354. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112147-20220115-00051.

參考文獻(xiàn) Reference

10 塵螨過敏的危害

三、過敏性結(jié)膜炎

Allergic conjunctivitis

Allergic conjunctivitis is an inflammatory disease of the conjunctiva

associated with type I allergy. Typical symptoms include ocular

itching, foreign body sensation, conjunctival hyperemia and

increased secretion of conjunctival sac. Allergic conjunctivitis is

often accompanied by allergic rhinitis , as shown in Figure 1.3.1 .

Allergic conjunctivitis not only increases irritability, frustration,

anger, embarrassment and other negative emotions, but also leads

to decreased work efficiency and concentration, fatigue and

absenteeism .

過敏性結(jié)膜炎是一種與I型過敏有關(guān)的結(jié)膜炎癥性疾病。典型癥狀為眼

癢、異物感、結(jié)膜充血及結(jié)膜囊分泌物增多等。嚴(yán)重可影響視力，過敏

性結(jié)膜炎常伴隨過敏性鼻炎，見圖1.3.1 。

過敏性結(jié)膜炎不僅會增加患者的易怒、沮喪、憤怒、尷尬等負(fù)面情緒，

還會導(dǎo)致工作效率與注意力下降、疲勞和曠工 。

［1］

1

圖1.2.2過敏性結(jié)膜炎的臨床表現(xiàn)

Fig 1.2.2 Clinical symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis

塵螨過敏的危害 11

［2］

2

［1］Allergol Int. 2020;69(3):346-355. doi:10.1016/j.alit.2020.03.005.

［2］Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2020;16:5. Published 2020 Jan 21.

參考文獻(xiàn) Reference

Dust mite allergen

二.塵螨過敏原

Mite bodies and mite excreta are the main sources of dust mite

allergens. Dust mites are suitable for living in a warm and

humid environment (about 20 to 25 ° C, humidity 60% to 80%), a

person shedding 1 to 1.5g of dander every day, enough for 1

million dust mites to eat, mites also eat flour or mold. Common

species include house dust mites (Dermatophagoides

pteronyssinus) and dust mites (Dermatophagoides farinae).

Dust mites mainly breed in carpets, sofas, bedding, mattresses,

pillows, fluffy toys and clothing in the family bedroom, and feed

on the dander that falls off the human body. Dust mites, also

known as powderophagous mites, inhabit poultry feed,

warehouse dust, granary and textile mill dust, house dust,

carpets and stowage furniture. The allergens produced by dust

mites mainly come from their secretions, excretions and body

remains .

螨體和螨排泄物是塵螨過敏原最主要的來源；塵螨適宜生活在溫暖

潮濕的環(huán)境(20~25℃左右，濕度60%~80%)，一個人每天脫落

1~1.5g皮屑，足夠100萬只塵螨蟲食用，螨蟲也以面粉或霉菌等為

食。常見種類有屋塵螨(Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus)和粉塵

螨(Dermatophagoides farinae)。

塵螨主要在家庭臥室內(nèi)的地毯、沙發(fā)、被褥、床墊、枕心、絨毛玩

具和衣物內(nèi)滋生，以人體脫落下來的皮屑為食餌。粉塵螨又稱粉食

皮螨，棲息于家禽飼料、倉庫塵屑、糧倉和紡織廠塵埃、房舍灰

塵、地毯和充填式家具中。塵螨產(chǎn)生的過敏原主要來自其分泌物、

排泄物及尸體殘?。?］

。

1

12 塵螨過敏原

塵螨主要致敏蛋白組分為Der p1、Der p2、Der p23 、Der p3、

Der p8和Der p10，如圖2.1.1所示。一般來說，與僅患有過敏性鼻

炎的患者相比，發(fā)生哮喘的塵螨過敏患者的Der p1 /Der p2 /Der

p23的IgE水平更高 。

The main sensitizing protein groups of dust mites were Der

p1、Der p2、Der p23 、Der p3、Der p8 and Der p10, As shown

in Figure 2.1.1.In general, Der p1 /Der p2 /Der p23 IgE levels are

higher in dust mite allergy patients who develop asthma

compared to patients with allergic rhinitis alone .

圖2.1.1 塵螨主要過敏原

Fig 2.1.1 Dust mite allergen component

一

、塵螨過敏原組分

Dust mite allergen component

［2］

2

塵螨過敏原 13

［1］中華醫(yī)學(xué)會變態(tài)反應(yīng)分會呼吸過敏學(xué)組.中華內(nèi)科雜志,2019,58(9):636-655.

［2］關(guān)凱，等.中華預(yù)防醫(yī)學(xué)雜志，2022(006):056.

參考文獻(xiàn) Reference

House dust mites and dust mites have a strong cross-reaction,

and most patients are allergic to both house dust mites and

dust mites .

The Der f10/Der p10 component of the dust mite allergen

(tropomyosin) is widely found in invertebrates. House dust

mites and dust mites may cross-react with crustaceans (crabs,

shrimp) and mollusks (squid, scallops, clams and oysters),

cockroaches, etc , Figure 2.2.1.

屋塵螨和粉塵螨具有很強的交叉反應(yīng)，大多數(shù)患者同時對屋塵螨和

粉塵螨過敏 。

塵螨過敏原中的Der f10/Der p10組分（原肌球蛋白）廣泛存在于無

脊椎動物中，粉塵螨可能與甲殼類動物（蟹類、蝦類）與軟體動物

（魷魚、扇貝、蛤蜊和牡蠣）、蟑螂等產(chǎn)生交叉反應(yīng) ,如圖2.2.1。

二、交叉反應(yīng)

Cross-Reactivity

［1］

［2］

1

2

圖2.2.1 交叉反應(yīng)

Fig 2.2.1 Cross-Reactivity

［1］Wang W,et al.Clinical and Translational Allergy,2022,12(2):e12116.

［2］關(guān)凱，等.中華預(yù)防醫(yī)學(xué)雜志，2022(006):056.

參考文獻(xiàn) Reference

14 塵螨過敏原

Allergy environmental control

三.塵螨過敏環(huán)境控制

我們無法完全避免接觸塵螨，但可以采取以下措施以減少空氣中的

塵螨過敏原 ：

We can't completely avoid exposure to dust mites, but we can

take the following steps to reduce dust mite allergens in the air :

注意維護環(huán)境清潔，對居室的所有地方均應(yīng)

定期洗塵，最好使用除螨吸塵器；

2 控制濕度

將相對濕度降至45%以下，天晴時將

居室門窗打開通風(fēng)，并晾曬床墊以保

持干燥；

1 居室除螨

Pay attention to the maintenance of

environmental cleanliness, all places in

the room should be regularly washed

dust, it is best to use anti-mite vacuum

cleaner;

Reduce the relative humidity to

less than 45%, open the doors and

Windows of the living room to

ventilate in fine weather, and dry

the mattress to keep dry;

［1］

1

塵螨過敏環(huán)境控制 15

將毛毯換成木質(zhì)地板，不用填充式家具；

4 限制寵物活動區(qū)域

勿讓寵物進入臥室；

更換毛毯

Replace blankets with wooden

floors instead of infill furniture

3

Keep pets out of the bedroom

毛絨玩具勿放在床上，可將其放入密封的

塑料袋內(nèi)冷凍殺死塵螨，然后清洗干凈。

清潔毛絨玩具

Plush toys are not placed on the

bed, can be frozen in a sealed plastic

bag to kill dust mites, and then

clean.

5

［1］中國過敏性哮喘診治指南(第一版,2019年)[J]. 中華內(nèi)科雜志, 2019, 58(9):636-655.

參考文獻(xiàn) Reference

16 塵螨過敏環(huán)境控制

Treatment strategies for mite allergy

四.塵螨過敏診療策略

過敏原檢測是過敏性疾病診療的基石，只有準(zhǔn)確查找過敏原，才

能找到引起過敏的真正原因，精準(zhǔn)“對因治療”

，常見吸入性

過敏原見圖4.1。

［1］

Allergen detection is the cornerstone of the diagnosis and

treatment of allergic diseases. Only by accurately searching

allergens can we find the real cause of allergy and accurately

\"Etiological Treatment\" . Common inhaled allergens are

shown in Figure 4.1.

1

樹花粉 草花粉 塵螨

圖4.1 常見吸入性過敏原

Fig 4.1 Common inhalation allergens

塵螨過敏診療策略 17

貓毛 狗毛 真菌

1

? 價格便宜、快速

? 患者痛苦、具有危險性

? 需?？菇M胺等治療藥物

一

、過敏性疾病的診斷

Diagnosis of allergic diseases

過敏性疾病的診斷由過敏原檢測、臨床體征與病史綜合判斷，過敏

原檢測包括體內(nèi)檢測與體外檢測兩種方法［2］

。

The diagnosis of allergic diseases is determined by allergen

detection, clinical signs and symptoms and medical history.

Allergen detection includes two methods: in vivo detection and

in vitro detection .

2

將少量高度純化的致敏原液體滴于患者前臂、再用

點刺針輕輕刺入皮膚表層。根據(jù)風(fēng)團的大小判斷是

否陽性。

體內(nèi)檢測 in vivo detection

A small amount of highly purified allergenic

liquid is dropped on the forearm of the

patient and gently penetrated into the

surface of the skin with a needle. Determine

whether it is positive according to the size of

the wind cluster.

Cheap and fast

painful and dangerous

Antihistamine should be stopped

18 塵螨過敏診療策略

? 安全、避免強烈的過敏反應(yīng)

? 避免其他皮膚病造成的誤判

? 適用于抗組胺類藥物治療而不能停藥者

體外檢測 in vitro detection

The patient's blood is drawn and tested

for allergen-specific IgE antibodies,

which are positive based on the

antibody concentration. The allergen

does not directly act on the human

body, and it is safe and accurate.

抽取患者的血液，檢測過敏原特異性IgE抗

體，根據(jù)抗體濃度判斷是否陽性。過敏原并不

直接作用于人體，安全性和準(zhǔn)確性高。

Safe and avoid strong allergic reactions

Avoid misjudgments caused by other skin diseases

It is suitable for those who cannot stop taking antihistamines

［1］劉光輝. 過敏性疾病診療指南[M]. 科學(xué)出版社, 2013.

［2］兒童變應(yīng)性鼻炎診斷和治療指南（2022年，修訂版），中華耳鼻咽喉頭頸外科雜志，2022,57(4)

參考文獻(xiàn) Reference

塵螨過敏診療策略 19

一

、過敏性疾病的治療

Treatment of allergic diseases

世界衛(wèi)生組織（WHO）建議過敏性疾病選擇“防治結(jié)合，四位一

體”的治療原則，包括環(huán)境控制、藥物治療、脫敏治療和健康教育 。

The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that allergic

diseases choose the treatment principle of \"prevention and

treatment, four in one\", including environmental control, drug

therapy, desensitization therapy and health education .

［1］

1

規(guī)避過敏原

藥物治療

早診斷，早治療,在過敏性疾病的防治體

系中具有十分重要的意義

健康教育

20 塵螨過敏診療策略

Diagnose, treat early,it is of great

significance in the prevention and

treatment system of allergic diseases

吸入性過敏原，通過環(huán)境規(guī)避控制癥狀

效果不佳，過敏依舊會反復(fù)！

Inhaled allergens, the effect of

environmental avoidance to control

symptoms is not good, allergy will

still be repeated!

無法阻斷疾病的自然進程，治標(biāo)不治本，

長期使用具有明顯的副作用！

Unable to block the natural process

of the disease, long-term use has

obvious side effects!

塵螨過敏診療策略 21

脫 敏 治 療

脫敏治療是過敏性疾病唯一的“標(biāo)本兼治”

，對于某些I型

變態(tài)反應(yīng)疾病，確定患者過敏原之后，用變應(yīng)原提取物

（如塵螨、花粉等 ）制成脫敏疫苗，對過敏患者進行反復(fù)

接觸的方法，使機體產(chǎn)生免疫應(yīng)答，糾正機體的免疫失衡

狀態(tài)［2

。

］

Allergen specific immunotherapy is the only \"Etiological

Treatment\" of allergic diseases. For some type I allergic

diseases, after determining the patient's allergen,

desensitization vaccine is made with allergen extract

(such as dust mites, pollen, etc.), and repeated contact

with allergic patients can make the body produce

immune response and correct the immune imbalance

of the body .

2

脫 敏 治 療 優(yōu) 勢

?預(yù)防作用

預(yù)防過敏性鼻炎發(fā)展為哮喘；

?長期療效

停藥后具有長期療效不易復(fù)發(fā)。

針對過敏性疾病病因的治療方式，是過敏性疾病唯一的“對

因治療”

；

?對因治療

Etiological Treatment ：The treatment for the cause of

allergic diseases is the only \" etiological treatment \" for

allergic diseases.

?治療作用

減輕過敏癥狀，減少常規(guī)過敏藥物的使用；

Therapeutic Effect：Reduce allergy symptoms and reduce

the use of conventional allergy medications;

Preventive Effect: prevent allergic rhinitis from developing

into asthma;

Long-term Efficacy: It has long-term efficacy and is not

easy to relapse after withdrawal.

22 塵螨過敏診療策略

塵螨過敏診療策略 23

目前臨床常用的過敏原免疫治療方法有皮下注射法（皮下免疫治療）

和舌下含服法（舌下免疫治療），總療程為 3 年，推薦使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化過

敏原疫苗 ：

At present, the commonly used clinical allergen immunotherapy

methods include subcutaneous immunotherapy(SCIT) and

sublingual immunotherapy(SLIT). The total course of treatment

is 3 years, and standardized allergen vaccine is recommended :

3

［3］

皮下脫敏是將過敏原提取物進行皮下注射，從小

劑量開始，逐漸增加劑量，以增加對過敏原的耐

受性。

皮下脫敏 SCIT

Subcutaneous immunotherapy is the

subcutaneous injection of an allergen extract,

starting with a small dose and gradually

increasing the dose to increase tolerance to

the allergen.

? 危險性較高，需要醫(yī)院注射

The risk is high and requires hospital injection

? 濃度爬坡，停藥需要重新計算劑量

Concentration climbs. Withdrawal requires a

dose recalculation

舌下脫敏是將過敏原提取物滴入或噴服至舌下，機

體反復(fù)接觸，對之產(chǎn)生免疫應(yīng)答，從而糾正機體免

疫失衡。

不良反應(yīng)小，更安全

可居家服藥，更方便

舌下脫敏 SLIT

Sublingual immunotherapy is to drop or spray

the allergen extract into the sublingual, and

the body repeatedly contacts it to produce an

immune response, thereby correcting the

immune imbalance of the body.

Less adverse reactions, safer

Can be taken at home, safer

24 塵螨過敏診療策略

［1］兒童變應(yīng)性鼻炎診斷和治療指南（2022年，修訂版），中華耳鼻咽喉頭頸外科雜志，2022,57(4)

［2］Allergy, 2010, 65(12):1525‐1530. DOI: 10.1111/j.1398‐9995.2010.02474.x. ［3］Pediatr Allergy Immunol, 2020,31(Suppl. 25): 1-101.

參考文獻(xiàn) Reference

塵螨過敏

DUST MITE ALLERGY

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