Hangzhou

杭州市人民政府新聞辦公室 編

Compiled by the Information Office of

Hangzhou Municipal People's Government

中國有句俗語，上有天堂，下有蘇杭。意思是說，杭州和蘇州

風(fēng)景如畫，堪稱人間天堂。杭州是歷史文化名城，也是創(chuàng)新活力

之城，相信 2016 年峰會將給大家呈現(xiàn)一種歷史和現(xiàn)實交匯的獨

特韻味。

——習(xí)近平

There is a common Chinese expression “Heaven above, Suzhou and Hangzhou below”.

It means that the landscapes of Hangzhou and Suzhou are so picturesque as to be

viewed as heaven on earth. Hangzhou, renowned for its wealth in culture and history, is

also a creative and vibrant city. We believe that the 2016 G20 Hangzhou Summit will

share with you this charming and unique blend of the present and the past.

— Xi Jinping

Hangzhou

杭州市人民政府新聞辦公室 編

Compiled by the Information Office of

Hangzhou Municipal People's Government

主 編：翁衛(wèi)軍

副 主 編：龔志南

執(zhí)行主編：楊澤偉

編 委：張 敏 張 甜 尚佐文 丁雄英

李麗娜 黃 易 陳 琳

撰 稿：丁以捷 傅一覽 李 稹 孫 鑰

徐 滋 孫秋芬 武彥龍

Chief Editor: Weng Weijun

Deputy Editor: Gong Zhinan

Executive Chief Editor: Yang Zewei

Members of the Editorial Board: Zhang Min Zhang Tian

Shang Zuowen Ding Xiongying Li Lina Huang Yi Chen Lin

Witer: Ding Yijie Fu Yilan Li Zhen Sun Yue Xu Zi

Sun Qiufen Wu Yanlong

《杭州》編委會

The editorial board of Hangzhou

印象杭州

A Glimpse of Hangzhou

人文杭州

Hangzhou: Culture and People

創(chuàng)新杭州

Creative Hangzhou

和諧杭州

Harmonious Hangzhou

001

042

010

070

美麗杭州

Beautiful Hangzhou

樂游杭州

Sightseeing in Hangzhou

美食杭州

Hangzhou’s Cuisine

100

132

194

A Glimpse

of Hangzhou

對于世人來說，杭州代表著一種說不出的向往，一種忘不了的記憶。

她山水形勝，人文熾盛；她精致和諧，大氣開放。

她是時間流逝的歷史定格，是浙地人民的情感造像。

她是從古至今的人間天堂，是外國旅人的華美天城。

她顰笑皆詩意，她動靜總相宜。

她一磚一瓦，皆是文化；她一草一木，皆是深情。

她是一座有生命的城市，她有溫度，有情感，有姿態(tài)，有自己的語言。

如想了解杭州，請走近，請聆聽，請觸摸，請用心感受，

你會發(fā)現(xiàn)一個屬于你的，最好的杭州！

To the people of the world, Hangzhou is an ineffable expression of hope, an

unforgettable experience for all those that have walked within its bounds.

She is a city of natural beauty, mountains and lakes, a thriving example

of culture, a truly magnanimous and open city, finding the finest point of

harmony and balance.

Hangzhou is a tableau of the course of history, a reflection of the emotion of

all Zhejiang residents.

A city that has risen out of ancient beginnings Hangzhou is an incomparable

modern day paradise, and a must see destination for any foreign travelers.

Both in her stillness and her movement, Hangzhou is a poetically gorgeous

city.

Brick by brick Hangzhou’s culture has been made, with each blade of grass or

floating leaf resonating this same deep feeling.

The city is alive with its own warmth and passion, its own character and

language.

If you desire to know Hangzhou, then walk within her boarders, hear her

voice, and with all your heart feel her, let her expression touch you. Then you

will without a doubt discover Hangzhou's beauty shining within yourself.

A Glimpse

of Hangzhou

行政區(qū)劃

杭州是浙江省省會和經(jīng)濟、文化、科

教中心，長江三角洲中心城市，全市總面積

16596 平方千米，其中市區(qū)面積 4876 平方千

米，下轄上城、下城、江干、拱墅、西湖、濱江、

蕭山、余杭、富陽 9 個市轄區(qū)，桐廬、淳安

2 個縣，建德、臨安 2 個縣級市。至 2015 年末，

杭州常住人口達 901.8 萬人。

地理位置

杭 州 位 于 中 國 東 南 沿 海（ 北 緯

29 °11 ′ —30 °33 ′， 東 經(jīng) 118 °21 ′ —

120°30′），浙江省北部，錢塘江下游，京

杭大運河南端，東臨杭州灣，與紹興相接，

南與金華相鄰，西南與衢州市、安徽省黃山

市相接，北與湖州市、嘉興市毗鄰，西北與

安徽省宣城市交界。

地形地貌

杭州地處長江三角洲南沿和錢塘江流域，

地形地貌多樣。西部屬浙西丘陵區(qū)，山地連綿，

景色瑰麗，主干山脈有天目山等；東部屬浙

北平原，地勢低平，水網(wǎng)密布，是典型的江

南水鄉(xiāng)。境內(nèi)京杭大運河、錢塘江穿境而過，

東苕溪流經(jīng)臨安、余杭匯入太湖。

氣候特點

杭州全年平均氣溫 17.8℃，光照充足，

雨量豐沛，四季分明，屬典型的亞熱帶季風(fēng)

氣候。夏季潮濕炎熱，冬季寒冷干燥，相比

較而言春秋兩季氣候最為舒適，是旅游觀光

的最佳季節(jié)。

Administrative Divisions

Hangzhou is the center of Zhejiang Province's

economy, culture, scientific studies and

education, as a central city in the Yangtze

River Delta; Hangzhou is the administrative

capital of Zhejiang. Hangzhou city occupies a

total area of 16,596 km2

, with the city proper

occupying 4,876 km2

. Within its jurisdiction,

Hangzhou is divided into nine districts:

Shangcheng, Xiacheng, Jianggan, Gongshu,

Xihu, Binjiang, Xiaoshan, Yuhang and Fuyang

as well as two counties: Tonglu County and

Chun'an County. Hangzhou's jurisdiction

also extends to two other county level cities:

Jiande City and Lin'an City. At the end of

2015, Hangzhou has a permanent population

of 9,018,000.

Geographical Location

Hangzhou is located in the southeastern

coastal area of China at (29°11'-30°33' N

118°21'-120°30' E). This is the nor th of

Zhejiang Province along the lower reaches

of Qiantang River, and the southern tip of

the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, just to

the west of Hangzhou Bay. Hangzhou is

connected to Shaoxing in the east, Jinhua in

the south, with Quzhou (Zhejiang Province)

and Yellow Mountain (Anhui Province) falling

to its southwest. Huzhou and Jiaxing are

both just to Hangzhou's north, with Anhui

Province's Xuancheng very close in the

northwest.

Topography

Hangzhou lies in the southern part of the

Yangtze River Delta in the Qiantang River

Basin, and as such has extremely varied

topogr aphy. Hang zhou has gor geous

mountain ranges such as Tianmu Mountain

rising in the west, while also having the broad

flat expanses of the Northern Zhejiang Plain

in the east. Hangzhou is a typical southern

town surround by waterways. The BeijingHangzhou Grand Canal and the Qiantang

River both run directly through the city, and

in the east Tiaoxi River flows into Lake Taihu

via Lin’an and Yuhang.

Climate

With an annual average temperature of

17.8°C, plenty of sunshine and an ample

rainfall, Hangzhou has a typical subtropical

monsoon climate with four distinct seasons.

Summer is hot and humid, winter is cold

and dry, but spring and autumn are both

very comfortable and the best seasons for

travelling. 02

北京

Beijing

京杭大運河

Grand-canal Beijing-Hangzhou 黃河

Yellow river

長江

Yangtze river

上海

Shanghai

浙江省

Zhejiang Province

杭州

Hangzhou

印象杭州 A Glimpse of Hangzhou

03

相傳公元前 21 世紀，夏禹南巡

舍其杭（“杭”是方舟）于此，故名

“余杭”。

秦 統(tǒng) 一 六 國 后， 杭 州 始 設(shè) 縣 治，

稱錢唐縣，屬會稽郡；新莽時一度改

錢唐為泉亭縣；到了東漢，復(fù)置錢唐

縣，屬吳郡。

三 國、 兩 晉， 直 至 南 北 朝 時 代，

杭州屬吳國的吳興郡，歸古揚州。

隋開皇九年（589），廢錢唐郡置

杭州，“杭州”之名第一次出現(xiàn)。

唐朝時，置杭州郡，旋改余杭郡，

治 所 在 錢 唐。后 改“錢 唐”為“錢

塘”。

五 代 十 國 時， 杭 州 屬 吳 越 西 府，

治在錢塘，轄錢塘、錢江、余杭、安

國、於潛、唐山、富陽、新城八縣。

北宋時，杭州實際管轄兩浙西路。

淳化五年（994），改軍號為寧海軍節(jié)

度。大觀元年（1107）升為帥府。元

祐四年（1089），著名詩人蘇東坡出

任杭州知州。

南 宋 建 炎 三 年（1129）， 宋 室

南遷至杭州，并改“杭州”為“臨安

府”，于紹興八年（1138）正式定都

臨安。

元朝及至明清，杭州均為浙江省

省會所在地。

1927 年，“杭州市”正式設(shè)立。

1949 年 5 月 3 日，杭州市人民政

府成立，杭州成為浙江省省會城市。

According to legend in the 21st century

B.C.E.,Yu, the founding emperor of the Xia

era, travelled via boat (which was said \"hang\"

in ancient Chinese) throughout the south on

his inspection of his empire, and thus decided

to name the city Yuhang.

After the Qin Kingdom annexed the other

six kingdoms in (221 B.C.E.), Hangzhou was

renamed and administered as Qiantang

County of Kuaiji Prefecture in the New

Dynasty established by Wang Mang in 8 C.E..

In the East Han Dynasty (25-220 A.D.) it

became Qiantang County of Wu Prefecture.

Throughout the Three Kingdoms period,

both East and West Jin Dynasties, all the

way through till the Northern and Southern

Dynasties, Hangzhou was part of Wuxing

Prefecture in the Wu Kingdom under the

jurisdiction of ancient Yangzhou.

In 589 C.E. the 9th year of Kaihuang’s reign

in Sui Dynasty, the name of Hangzhou

first appeared as it replaced the abolished

Qiantang Prefecture.

In the Tang D y na s t y (618 -907 C . E .)

Hangzhou Prefecture was established and

then changed its name to Yuhang Prefecture

soon after wards, with Qiantang as its

administrative center.

In the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms

period, Hangzhou was part of the west

region of the Wuyue Kingdom with Qiantang

as its administrative center. It had eight

counties: Qiantang, Qianjiang, Yuhang,

Anguo, Yuqian, Tangshan, Fuyang and

Xincheng all under its jurisdiction.

Dur ing the Nor ther n Song Dynas t y,

Hangzhou administered the Liangzhe

west region. In 994 C.E. ,the 5th year of

emperor Chunhua's reign Hangzhou's

status increased to be recognized

as the Ninghai Military Institution.

歷史沿革

History

04

It would later be renamed the Marshal Headquarters in 1107 C.E., the 1st year of Daguan's

reign. In 1089, the 4th year of Yuanyou's reign Su Dongpo, a distinguished poet became

mayor of Hangzhou.

In 1129, the 3rd year of Jianyan's reign of the Southern Song Dynasty, the imperial family

moved southward to Hangzhou, then renamed Hangzhou \"Lin’an Prefecture\" and officially

made it the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty in 1138 the 8th year of Shaoxing's reign.

Hangzhou was capital of Zhejiang Province through the Yuan, Ming and Qing

Dynasties.

In 1927, \"Hangzhou City\" was officially established.

On May the 3rd 1949, the Hangzhou Municipal

People’s Government was establishment

with Hangzhou recognized as the

capital of Zhejiang Province.

印象杭州 A Glimpse of Hangzhou

05

06

杭州城市標志以漢字“杭”的篆書演變，巧妙地將航船、城廓、建筑、

園林、拱橋等諸多要素融入其中?！昂肌弊止帕x即為“方舟”、“船”，“杭”

又通“航”，標志整體似航船，反映了杭州取名自“大禹舍舟登岸”的歷史

典故，體現(xiàn)了杭州作為歷史文化名城的底蘊，又象征著今天的杭州正揚帆起

航，展現(xiàn)出積極進取、意氣風(fēng)發(fā)的精神面貌。

標志運用江南建筑中具有標志性的翹屋角與圓拱門作為表現(xiàn)形式，有中

國傳統(tǒng)文化和江南地域特征，標志右半部分隱含了杭州著名景點“三潭印月”

的形象，標志下方的筆觸微妙地傳達了城市、航船、建筑、園林、拱橋與水

的親近感，凸現(xiàn)了杭州獨有的“五水共導(dǎo)”的城市特征。

標志運用了中英文字體體現(xiàn)杭州的城市名稱，字體的筆畫也是從標志圖

形中提取，方中帶圓，凸現(xiàn)了精致和諧、大氣開放的城市人文精神。

Hangzhou’s city logo displays the evolution of the Chinese seal character “hang”.

It skillfully integrates a sailing ship, city outline, architecture, gardens and arch

bridges. It resembles a ship as a whole, as the character “hang” in ancient

Chinese means “ark” or “ship”, and the pronunciation of “hang” is homophonic

with that of “shipping”, which alludes to Yu’s historical voyage at the start of the

Xia period. The icon represents the historical wealth of this famous city, while

also capturing the aspirations and vitality of embarking on a new voyage.

Overhanging eaves and arches characteristic of the southern architecture

appear in the logo. This is to embody traditional Chinese culture and southern

geographical features. The right half of the logo shows the shadow “Three Ponds

Mirroring the Moon”, an image of a renowned scenic spot in Hangzhou. The

lines on the lower half of the logo subtly remind us of the close ties between

the water, ships, architecture, gardens and arch bridges of the city. They further

accentuate the five unique water ways of Hangzhou: Qiantang River, The Grand

Canal, West Lake, Hangzhou Bay and Xixi Wetlands.

The logo uses both Chinese and English characters to represent the city; the

strokes come from the symbolic icon of Hangzhou found in the middle of

the logo. It contains a circle in a square representing the harmony and open

magnanimity of Hangzhou’s elegant cultural spirit.

城市標志

City Logo

印象杭州 A Glimpse of Hangzhou

07

杭州是桂花的故鄉(xiāng)，桂花在杭州已有近千年的栽

培歷史。早在南宋時期，滿覺隴已經(jīng)大片種植桂花，

并形成一定規(guī)模?！段淞骤笾尽酚羞@樣的記載：“滿

覺隴……桂花盛時游人甚盛?！泵康浇鹎飼r節(jié)，桂子

月中落，天香云外飄。馥郁的桂花香浸潤著杭州人民

的幸福，把那一份濃情、祥和送給每一位來杭的游客。

Hangzhou is the home of the sweet-scented osmanthus,

it has been growing in Hangzhou for nearly 1,000 years.

As early as the Southern Song Dynasty it began to be

planted widely in the Manjuelong Garden. It is recorded

in The Annals of Wu’lin, “When the sweet-scented

osmanthus flourishes in the Manjuelong Garden, the

garden is bustles with travellers”. Every autumn, the

flowers fall, leaving their beautiful scent to drift with

the breeze. The scent is a blessing to all those reside in

Hangzhou and welcomes travelers from near and afar.

市花：桂花

The City Flower: Sweet-Scented Osmanthus

08

In China, the camphor tree is seen to epitomize the

richness of village landscapes, it carries Fengshui,

signifying longevity and good luck. Hangzhou is a

city naturally blessed in mountains and rivers, and

lush in old camphor trees. The camphor trees

pleasant scents can be smelt in late spring, which is

in their typical blooming cycle.

在中國民間，香樟被看成是一個村莊的景觀

樹、風(fēng)水樹、祖宗樹，寓意長壽、吉祥如意，受

人敬仰。杭州鐘靈毓秀，山水潤澤，蓊蓊郁郁的

古樟遍植全城。每年暮春時節(jié)，樟樹花開，暖風(fēng)

送香，清新怡人。

市樹：香樟

The City Tree: Camphor Tree

印象杭州 A Glimpse of Hangzhou

09

Hangzhou:

Culture and People

杭州歷史悠久，人文豐贍，

早在 8000 多年前就創(chuàng)造了跨

湖橋文化，5000 多年前的良渚

文化，則被稱為“中華文明的

曙光”。作為吳越西府、南宋行

在和明、清的浙江省會，歷史

的印跡在這片土地上層層堆

疊，一磚一瓦、一街一巷都散

發(fā)著濃郁的文化氣息。杭州同

時擁有璀璨的茶文化、絲綢文

化、中醫(yī)文化、宗教文化等體

現(xiàn)中華文明成果的傳統(tǒng)文化分

支，它們附著在杭州的老街古

巷中，隱匿于名山名剎里，留存

于文獻典籍之上，與杭州同生

共長，成就杭州歷史文化名城

的冠冕，熠熠生輝。

Hangzhou is a land of rich cultural

her itage s tretching back into

the depths of the past. Even as

early as Kuahuqiao civilization

with over 8,000 years of history,

and Liangzhu civilization with an

impressive 5,000 years, which was

previously believed to be the “the

dawn of Chinese civilization”. As

capital of the Wuyue Kingdom and

the Southern Song Dynasty and

Zhejiang’s capital in the Ming and

Qing Dynasties, Hangzhou has

gathered abundant historical and

cultural heritage. From the pebbles

of the footpath to the cornerstone

of the temple ever y thing that

comprises Hangzhou is saturated

in its cultural heritage. The rich

culture of Hangzhou is also found

in traditional tea culture, silk,

Chinese medicine and religion.

These aspects all embody the

achievements of Chinese civilization,

and are in fact the crowning aspects

of Hangzhou’s culture, only adding

to its brilliance.

杭州的文化，和兩樣?xùn)|西密不可分，一是水，二是

玉。前者是杭州文化的外在體現(xiàn)，靈動詩意；后者是杭

州文化的內(nèi)在品質(zhì)，溫潤如玉。這兩種文化的基因，可

追溯至杭州兩大文化源頭——跨湖橋文化和良渚文化。

Hangzhou's culture is the inseparable fusion of water and

jade. Water representing Hangzhou's fluidity and poetic

resonance. Jade a mark of Hangzhou's intrinsic soothing

qualities. Both can claim their long lineage from Hangzhou's

Kuahuqiao and Liangzhu cultures.

文脈悠遠 1 Richness in Cultural History

舟聲玉影，文明濫觴

Rowing Boats and Jades Shadow,

The Origin of Civilization

12

人文杭州 Hangzhou: Culture and People

⊙跨湖橋遺址位于蕭山區(qū)城廂街道湘湖村，是因古湘湖

的上湘湖和下湘湖之間有一座跨湖橋而命名?？绾蜻z

址的發(fā)現(xiàn)意義非凡，不僅讓杭州擁有了 8000 年的歷史

文化底蘊，同時把浙江文明史整整提前了 1000 年，打

破了原有的河姆渡文化、馬家浜文化的兩分體系，建立

起區(qū)域文化的多元格局。跨湖橋文化所創(chuàng)造的“文化之

最”也令人嘆為觀止，世界上最早的獨木舟、世界上最

早的漆弓、中國最早的“草藥罐”……這些對中華文明

的演進均作出了卓著的貢獻。

The last surviving Kuahuqiao cultural relics were discovered

and excavated in Xiaoshan District's Chengxiang Community,

one of the small villages on the edge of Xianghu Lake. The

name Kuahuqiao comes from a great bridge that used to

span the upper and lower areas of the old Xianghu Lake. The

discovery of this ancient civilization is of no minor significance.

It not only shows Hangzhou as having cultural origins

spreading back over 8000 years, but also illustrates Zhejiang's

civilization as having a history 1000 years richer than

previously known. Furthermore, it shattered the illusion that

Zhejiang's culture was originally only limited to the Hemudu

and Majiabang cultures. Thus creating the awareness that

Zhejiang is in fact an area of vast cultural origins. Kuahuqiao

is a culture of firsts. The world’s first single hulled canoe,

the world’s first painted bow, and Chinese first herbal pot,

all state their origins to the breathtaking Kuahuqiao culture.

These led to great leaps forward in Chinese civilization.

世界上最早的獨木舟

Kuahuqiao Cultural Remnants, the Civilization

of the world’s Earliest Single Hulled Canoe

跨湖橋文化遺址

13

Liangzhu Cultural Remnants,

the Dawn of Chinese Civilization

Liangzhu civilization was part of an ancient Neolithic culture that

spread across the whole Taihu Lake Basin in the southeastern part

of China, with the cultural relics found in Liangzhu being the most

noteworthy. They all dated back to 5,300–4,300 BC. Liangzhu culture

was the most developed prehistoric culture in the lower reaches of

the Yangtze River. In 2012 the Liangzhu Cultural sites were included in

China's short list of World Cultural Heritage Sites.

Liangzhu's jade being the most remarkable in prehistoric Chinese

culture due to its excellence in quantity, variety and delicacy, is

undoubtedly Liangzhu's most distinguished cultural relic. The jade

articles found in Liangzhu also solidified Liangzhu's position as the

leading jade culture among its contemporary tribes throughout China

and the Pacific Rim.

良渚文化遺址

中華文明的曙光

⊙良渚文化是一支分布在中國東南地區(qū)太湖流域的新石器文化類

型，代表遺址為良渚遺址，距今 5300—4300 年左右，是長江下游

地區(qū)最發(fā)達的史前文化。2012 年，良渚遺址被列入《中國世界文

化遺產(chǎn)預(yù)備名單》。

⊙良渚文化中最具特色的就是其中的玉器。良渚文化玉器，達到

了中國史前文化之高峰，其數(shù)量之眾多、品種之豐富、雕琢之精湛，

在同時期中國乃至環(huán)太平洋擁有玉傳統(tǒng)的部族中獨占鰲頭。而其

深涵的歷史文化底蘊，更給世人帶來了無限的遐想。

人文杭州 Hangzhou: Culture and People

Liangzhu Museum

Liangzhu Museum having been designed by David Chipperfield is piece of worldfamous architect. It was designed according to the concept of “Jade scattered across the

land”. The museum is composed of four long architectural complexes called “Houses

of Treasure”. Located amongst the mountains and surrounded by water, it blends in

perfectly with the surrounding nature. The exterior walls are covered with yellow

travertine stones in a simple, coarse but yet very regal style. This makes the museum

appear as if it were a large piece of carved jade when viewed from a distance.

良渚博物院

⊙良渚博物院出自國際著名設(shè)計師大衛(wèi)?奇普菲爾德之手。以“一把玉錐

散落地面”為設(shè)計理念，由不完全平行的四個長條形建筑組成，被稱為“收

藏珍寶的盒子”。整個館依山而建，以水為景，山、水、館自然交融，建

筑外墻全部用黃洞石砌成，簡約粗獷而不失厚重大氣，遠看猶如玉質(zhì)般渾

然一體。

15

杭州，于隋朝時定名，于唐朝時揚名。

隋唐兩朝留給杭州的寶貴文化遺產(chǎn)，

“一河一堤”囊括了時代的精華。

“杭州”之名第一次出現(xiàn)就是在

隋朝史冊上，那時候杭州城的雛形也剛

剛形成，依鳳凰山而建，“周三十六里

九十步”，后來的杭州城就是在這個格

局上逐漸擴展延伸。

杭州在中國歷史發(fā)展進程中占據(jù)舉

足輕重的地位，歸功于隋大業(yè)六年（610）

江南運河的開通。這條運河，全長 400

多千米，從江蘇鎮(zhèn)江起，經(jīng)蘇州、嘉興

等地到達杭州。自此，拱宸橋成為大運

河的起訖點。因為這一條河，杭州成為

南北交流中南方的起點，在中國歷史發(fā)

展進程中的地位也從此無可取代。

唐代開辟海上貿(mào)易，除廣州、揚州

之外，杭州也成為通商口岸之一，內(nèi)河

貿(mào)易和海上貿(mào)易都極繁忙，經(jīng)濟因之繁

榮。與此同時，杭州也迎來了歷史上重

要的一個人——杭州著名的“市長”白

居易。在他的治理下，杭州不僅經(jīng)濟富盛，

繁榮滋長，更是聲名鵲起，一躍成為世

人向往的勝地，西湖也在他的詩文宣揚下，

成為時常被文人墨客吟詠的對象。

到了唐朝末年，杭州已經(jīng)發(fā)展成為南

方的“大都”、“名郡”。

The Beginnings of Hangzhou as a Metropolis

Links Back to the Sui and Tang Dynasties

大都名郡，夢啟隋唐

16

人文杭州 Hangzhou: Culture and People

The name Hangzhou was recognized in Sui Dynasty and popularized during Tang Dynasty.

The Sui and Tang Dynasties left a huge legacy on Hangzhou, most notably embodied in “One

River, One Causeway”.

The name Hangzhou first appeared in Sui Dynasty when the city began to take shape around

Phoenix Mountain. At the time Hangzhou's city limits only fell a little wider than a circle of 18

kilometers circumference, and it later developed in this same rounded fashion.

Hangzhou’s important position in Chinese history is attributed to the opening of the southern tip

of the Grand Canal in 610, the 6th year of Daye's reign of Sui Dynasty. It was over 400 kilometres

long and connected Zhenjiang and Suzhou in Jiangsu Province all the way down to Jiaxing and

Hangzhou in Zhejiang Province with the Gongchen Bridge as the southern tip. The canal made

Hangzhou the southern starting point of cultural exchanges between Northern and Southern

China and has been playing an irreplaceable role in Chinese history ever since.

As a result marine trade started in the Tang Dynasty. In addition to Guangzhou in Gongdong

Province and Yangzhou in Jiangsu Province, Hangzhou became a major trading port for both land

and marine trade, which led to its flourishing prosperity. Meanwhile, it was blessed with the most

historic figure of all time, the renowned mayor Bai Juyi, under whose administration Hangzhou

became prosperous and rose to fame as a paradise. Under the publicity provided by Bai Juyi's

poems, Hangzhou became the fashionable object of praise by the literati of the time.

By the twilight of Tang Dynasty, Hangzhou was already the famous metropolis of the south.

白居易

⊙白居易（772—846），字樂天，號香山

居士，唐代著名詩人，于唐長慶二年（822）

赴任杭州刺史。白居易一生創(chuàng)作的詩歌中，

寫西湖山水的詩有 200 余首，為歷代寫西

湖詩歌最多之人。西湖之名因他而確立。

Bai Juyi

Bai Juyi (772-846) with the literary name of

Letian (cheerfulness) was a renowned poet of

the Tang Dynasty. He took office as Hangzhou's

mayor in 822 the 2nd year of Changqing's reign

of Tang Dynasty. Over 200 of his poems were

devoted to Hangzhou’s landscape. This made him

unquestionably China's most prolific landscape poet

of all time. Much of West Lake's original fame also

stemmed from his poems.

17

唐末五代是中國歷史上極度混亂的年代之一，王朝更迭，戰(zhàn)亂頻繁。

而此時杭州為吳越西府，在吳越王錢镠“善事中國，保境安民”的治理下，獨享了

一段和平發(fā)展時期。

吳越國雖不算大，但自唐朝以來，便是中國精華所在。歷經(jīng)吳越國三代、五王共

七十多年的統(tǒng)治，杭州一時成為中國東南部經(jīng)濟繁榮和文化薈萃之地。歐陽修在《有美

堂記》里有這樣的描述：“錢塘自五代時……不煩干戈。今其民幸富完安樂……十余萬家，

環(huán)以湖山，左右映帶，而閩商海賈，風(fēng)帆浪舶，出入于江濤浩渺、煙云杳靄之間，可謂

盛矣！”

吳越國錢氏一系五位君王都篤信佛教，在杭州廣建佛寺、佛塔，鑿石窟，刻佛像，

從此西湖一帶叢林云集，塔影婆娑，“東南佛國”之名不脛而走。如今杭州知名的古剎

名寺，如凈慈寺、昭慶寺等，幾乎都建于吳越國時期，當(dāng)年修建的六和塔、雷峰塔、保

俶塔，如今已成為杭州著名的城市標志景觀。

如今的“錢王祠”是后世對吳越國錢氏一系五位國王明智愛民之舉的紀念。

三吳都會，自古繁華

The Ancient Magnificence

of Hangzhou

18

The Period from the end of the Tang Dynasty

through to the Five Dynasty period witnessed one

of the most chaotic times in Chinese history. It was

plagued by changing emperors and turbulent wars.

However, Hangzhou was the western capital of the

Wuyue Kingdom under the leadership of King Qian

Liu. With his policy of \"defending the border and

developing the economy\", Hangzhou was able to

enjoy a period of peaceful development.

Since Tang Dynasty, the albeit small Wuyue

Kingdom represented the quintessence and

strength of Chinese culture. It brought about

the rise of Hangzhou as a city with a prosperous

economy and dynamic culture. In his Magnificent

Landscapes Commanding Hall, Ouyang Xiu, a

historian and preeminent literati during the

Northern Song Dynasty wrote about Hangzhou.

He said, “since the Five Dynasties period, Qiantang

(present-day Hangzhou) has been rid of wars, its

people have been living a happy and wealthy life. It

is prosperous with over 100,000 households living

on the mountain ranges and around the West Lake.

Even the merchants from Fujian province come up

sailing amidst the waves of the Qiantang River.”

Five consecutive kings from the Wuyue Kingdom

were pious Buddhist believers. Therefore, they had

multiple temples, pagodas, grottoes and carved

Buddhas erected throughout Hangzhou. These in

turn inspired the popular nickname for Hangzhou

as \"the southeastern Buddhist Kingdom”. Many of

Hangzhou's most remarkable pagodas and temples

were built during this period, such as Liuhe Pagoda,

Leifeng Pagoda and Baochu Pagoda. They have all

吳越王錢镠

⊙錢镠 (852-932)，杭州臨安人，

五代十國時期吳越國創(chuàng)建者。在位

期間，采取保境安民的政策，使當(dāng)

時的杭州文士薈萃，經(jīng)濟繁榮，“錢

塘富庶盛于東南”。

King Qian Liu of the Wuyue

Kingdom

Qian Liu (852 - 932), who was born in

Lin’an, was the founder of the Wuyue

Kingdom. During the Five Dynasties

period and Ten Kingdom period (907-

960) he adopted the policy of “defending

the border and developing the economy”.

As such Hangzhou became a city where

the literati gathered and the economy

flourished. Hangzhou was therefore,

viewed as \"the most prosperous place in

the southeastern part of the kingdom”.

since become some of Hangzhou's landmark

scenic spots.

Qianwang Temple found next to West Lake

was also dedicated to the memory of the

same five kings for their love of the people.

北宋時期，杭州享有“東南第一州”的美譽，經(jīng)

濟繁榮，紡織、印刷、釀酒、造紙業(yè)都很發(fā)達，對外貿(mào)

易進一步發(fā)展，是全國四大商港之一，全國手工業(yè)中

心。北宋歷任地方官十分重視對杭州的治理。元祐四

年（1089），著名詩人蘇軾任杭州知州，再度疏浚西湖，

用所挖取的葑泥，堆成橫跨南北的長堤（蘇堤），上有

六橋，堤邊植桃、柳、芙蓉，使西湖更加美化。

Throughout the Northern Song Dynasty (960-1127)

Hangzhou was southeast China's top tier city. This was

due to its prosperous economy specifically in the areas

of textiles, printing, liquor making and papermaking.

It was also one of the nations four major international

ports. Good administration was viewed as the pillar of

this success. In 1089, the 4th year of Yuanyou's reign, the

eminent poet Su Shi became mayor of Hangzhou. Under

his administration West Lake was re-dredged and a long

causeway (Su Causeway) spanning from the northern to

southern banks was built out of the mud dug from West

Lake. Six bridges were constructed on the causeway.

Peach, willow and lotus trees were all planted on both

sides of the causeway adding to the beauty of the lake.

蘇軾

⊙蘇軾（1037-1101），字子瞻，

又字和仲，號東坡居士，世稱蘇東坡、

蘇仙，“唐宋八大家之一”。北宋

元祐四年（1089）出任杭州知州，

其描寫西湖的詩句“欲把西湖比西

子，淡妝濃抹總相宜”成為傳世名句。

Su Shi

Su Shi (1037—1101) with the self

proclaimed name Dongpo Jushi (Eastern

Hill Hermit) and famous as Su Dongpo

(eastern hill) and Su Xian (superman) was

one of the Eight Great Literati of the Tang

and the Song Dynasties. He was appointed

mayor of Hangzhou in 1089. His poems

depicting West Lake as “a beauty to

rival Xi Shi (one of China's four ancient

beauties) who whether wearing light or

heavy make-up will always look gorgeous”.

The stanza has since become a household

expression.

沈括

⊙沈括 (1031-1095)，字存中，號

夢溪丈人，浙江杭州錢塘縣人，北

宋政治家、科學(xué)家。他一生致力于

科學(xué)研究，被譽為“中國整部科學(xué)

史中最卓越的人物”，其名作《夢

溪筆談》，集前代科學(xué)成就之大成，

在世界文化史上有著重要的地位。

Shen Kuo

Shen Kuo (1031—1095) self-named as

Mengxi Zhangren (old man dreaming of

a stream) was a statesman and scientist

born in Hangzhou during the Northern

Song Dynasty. He dedicated his entire life

to the development of scientific research

and was viewed as the most distinguished

Chinese figure in science. His masterpiece

the Mengxi Encyclopedia is a collection of

scientific achievements throughout the

previous Dynasties and is still of great

importance to world cultural history.

東南形勝，大宋遺夢

The Splendor of the

Southeast and the

Pearl of Song Dynasty

20

人文杭州 Hangzhou: Culture and People

南宋時，杭州開始進入歷史上的鼎盛時期。宋室南渡，建炎三年（1129）升杭州

臨安府，紹興八年（1138）正式定都杭州，筑九里皇城，開十里天街，光城門就有 13 座。

隨著北方人口大量南遷，杭州居民一時間以上百萬計。與此同時，由于北方人口進入，

杭州人的性格、語言、飲食等多方面開始受到北方文化的影響，杭州文化也開始逐漸顯

現(xiàn)出南北兼容、剛?cè)嵯酀?、包容并蓄的特點。

此時的杭州商業(yè)繁榮，人口興盛。伴隨著茶樓酒肆、勾欄瓦舍等娛樂場所的興起，

說書、講史、小說、唱曲、雜技、傀儡戲、影戲、雜劇等演出活動也豐富起來，形成百戲

伎藝爭奇斗巧的局面，這為后來杭州民俗文化的積淀與發(fā)展奠定了基礎(chǔ)。

而此時的西湖，地位也日趨重要。蘇軾曾說：“杭州之有西湖，如人之有眉目?！蔽?/p>

湖在南宋不僅對農(nóng)田水利有重大作用，也是風(fēng)景優(yōu)美的游覽勝地、皇家的后花園。杭州

“西湖十景”在當(dāng)時即聲名遠播，沿湖一帶日日游人如織，熱鬧非凡。

作為中國歷史上經(jīng)濟文化最發(fā)達的王朝之一，南宋時的杭州也因此從“東南第一

州”進一步成為南宋全國第一州。由于南宋繁榮富盛，因而此時杭州也是名副其實的

世界大都會。《夢粱錄》、《武林舊事》、《都城紀勝》等書籍，都記載了南宋杭州的繁

盛。

During the Southern Song Dynasty Hangzhou reached its historical peak of prosperity.

In 1129, the 3rd year of Jianyan's reign, the imperial family moved southwards and Lin’an

Prefecture was established. In 1138, the 8th year of Shaoxing's reign, Hangzhou was officially

made capital of the country. Many large-scale city projects were carried out, for example,

a 4.5-km long city wall, a 5-km long royal road and 13 grand city gates. Owing to the influx

of population from the north Hangzhou's population swelled to well over one million.

The culture, food, and language of Hangzhou also underwent some radical changes as a

consequence. It became more of a blend between the North and South (viewed as the

masculine and feminine in Chinese philosophy).

Over this time Hangzhou enjoyed flourishing business and a booming population. A raft of

entertainment venues were built such as teahouses, taverns and theatres to accommodate

this new wave of commerce and people. The theatres showed multiple varieties of

recreational shows, for example: story telling, acrobatics, puppet plays, shadow plays and

dramas. These all would become the foundation of Hangzhou's distinctive local culture.

West Lake as such gained an increasing importance. Poet and mayor Su Shi remarked:

“The West Lake is to Hangzhou what eyebrows are to humans.” West Lake was not only

important to Hangzhou because it provided irrigation and a water reserve for the people,but

it also held massive appeal due to its scenery. It was view as the royal families back garden.

The \"Top Ten Scenes of West Lake\" were also made famous at the time and have since

attracted tourists from all over China and the world.

During the Southern Song Dynasty Hangzhou's economy and culture were the most

advanced in Chinese history. Hangzhou, which was formerly Southeast China’s top tier city,

became the top tier city throughout all of China. As the Southern Song Dynasty was so

prosperous, Hangzhou became one of the great metropolises of the world, noted in many

books of the time.

21

南宋官窯

⊙南宋建都杭州時，建立修內(nèi)司、郊壇下窯，生產(chǎn)宮廷專用御品，故稱“南宋官

窯”。南宋官窯所產(chǎn)瓷器繼承了五代以來越窯與北宋官窯的優(yōu)良基因，擁有紫口

鐵足、胎薄釉厚、釉色粉青、開有紋片的特點。后因南宋王朝覆滅、官窯被毀而

杭州孔廟

⊙杭州孔廟（碑林）原為南宋最高學(xué)府——太廟所在地，始建于宋高宗紹興元

年（1131），現(xiàn)位于杭州市上城區(qū)府學(xué)巷 8 號，西湖東南側(cè)吳山腳下。杭州孔

廟收藏著唐代至民國期間各類珍貴碑石 420 多塊，具有極高的歷史研究價值和

卓越的文化藝術(shù)價值，因此，杭州孔廟又被譽為一座融歷史、科學(xué)、文化與藝

術(shù)為一體的“石質(zhì)書庫”。

Hangzhou’s Confucius Temple

Hangzhou is home to The Confucian temple \"Forest of stone

tablets\", which is also the site of an ancestral shrine which used

to be the highest institution of learning in the Southern Song

Dynasty. It was built in 1131 the 1st year of Shaoxing's reign and

located at No. 8 Fuxue lane, Shangcheng district, at the foot of

Mount Wu on the southeastern bank of West Lake. The Temple

is known as a stone library of great value. It holds many volumes

on history, science, culture and art with a collection of over 420

rare tablets inscribed from the Tang Dynasty all the way through

to the Republic Period of China.

失傳。新中國成立后，在周恩來總理的重視下恢復(fù)生產(chǎn)，通過研究

仿制，再現(xiàn)了南宋官窯青瓷的風(fēng)采。

South Song Official Kilns

After Hangzhou became capital of the Southern Song Dynasty The Xiuneisi

and Jiaotanxia kilns (Southern Song official kilns) were set up to produce daily

china for the imperial household. Inheriting the good attributes of the china

produced in The Yue kiln and Northern Song official kilns the china produced

in the Southern Song kilns featured: purple mouth rims, unglazed feet, thick

glaze on the thin china and other pink green crackled glazing. But with the

destruction of the official kilns after the fall of the Southern Song these fine

pieces of china all but disappeared. However, under Premier Zhou Enlai’s

support after the founding of the PRC, china began to be produced again

based on extensive research and imitation. This was a big revival of the brilliant

craftsmanship of Southern Song Dynasty.

22

人文杭州 Hangzhou: Culture and People

在西方世界，對杭州最美的褒獎應(yīng)該就是出自意大利

馬可?波羅驚嘆的“世界上最美麗華貴之天城”。

元代的杭州是江浙行省的省會，經(jīng)濟上仍是全國和世

界上的大都會，“城寬、地闊、人煙稠集”。元朝中葉，對外

貿(mào)易主要依靠海運，杭州的地位顯得更加重要，金銀、銅

錢、鐵器、絲織品、瓷器、茶葉等各種貨物由此輸往海外，

世界各國的香料和各種寶物也由此散及全國，杭州成為商

賈輻輳、物阜民豐之地，是當(dāng)時對外貿(mào)易的重要港口之一。

The best compliment of Hangzhou by popular western figure

was definitely by Marco Polo the Italian traveler who acclaimed

Hangzhou as “the most magnificent heavenly city in the

world”.

During the Yuan Dynasty, Hangzhou was the spacious and

yet densely populated capital of Jiangzhe Province, as well

as one of the worlds great economic metropolises. Its

dynamic economic power came under display during the

middle of the Yuan Dynasty when foreign trade relied

heavily on marine transportation. Hangzhou exported

large amounts of gold, silver, copper, iron,

silk, porcelain and tea; with spices and

jewels being the main import. Hangzhou being

a place of natural abundance and affluence

attracted many merchants. It became one of

China's main ports for international trade.

美麗華貴，人間天城

A Glamorous Paradise

23

黃公望：

⊙元代著名的畫家，與吳鎮(zhèn)、倪瓚、王蒙合稱“元代四大畫家”。其代

表作《富春山居圖》以富春江為背景，全圖用墨淡雅，山和水的布置疏

密得當(dāng)，墨色濃淡干濕并用，極富于變化，被稱為“中國十大傳世名畫”

之一。

Huang Gongwang

Huang Gongwang was a distinguished painter during the Yuan Dynasty. Huang

Gongwang, Wu Zhen, Ni Zan and Wang Meng were renowned as the “Four Great

Painters of the Yuan Dynasty”. His masterpiece Hermitage in the Fuchun Mountains

was set against the background of Fuchun River. Its distinctive features are simple but

with elegant use of colors, mountains and water. It is remarkable due to the beauty of

its proportions and changing ink shading. It is viewed as one the top ten most famous

Chinese paintings of all time.

24

人文杭州 Hangzhou: Culture and People

明清時期，杭州依然是首屈一指的大城市，成化《杭州

府志》序 :“吾杭為東南江海重藩，會區(qū)土地之廣，人民之眾，

物產(chǎn)之富貴，貢賦之重，山川清淑，人物英明，宮屋城池之壯，

商賈貨財之聚，為列郡雄?！?/p>

明清五百多年，杭州除了是“東南財賦地”，更是“江浙

人文藪”。繁榮的經(jīng)濟和相對平穩(wěn)的社會環(huán)境對杭州文化思

想和文學(xué)藝術(shù)的鼎盛起到了推波助瀾的作用，在醫(yī)藥、數(shù)學(xué)、

天文、化學(xué)等諸多領(lǐng)域，都成就非凡。

明清兩代的杭州都十分重視文化教育，建有數(shù)量眾多的

書院，例如明代有“萬松書院”、“吳山書院”、“天真書院”、

“兩峰書院”等，清代有“敷文書院”、“崇文書院”、“紫陽

書院”、“詁經(jīng)精舍”等。這些書院的設(shè)立對杭州的人才培養(yǎng)、

文脈傳承起了積極的作用。

清行宮遺址

⊙清行宮位于孤山南麓中部，

南臨西湖，是清代多位帝王出

行西湖時的居住之地，始建于

清康熙四十四年（1705）。

The Remains of the Qing

Imperial Palace

The Qing Dynasties temporary

imperial palace in the middle of the

southern side of The Solitary Hill to

the north of West Lake was built in

1705. It served as the palace of the

Qing emperors on their tours to

Hangzhou.

文瀾閣《四庫全書》

⊙《四庫全書》是乾隆皇帝組

織編撰的一部大型叢書，收錄

中國歷代主要典籍三千五百多

種，共抄寫七部，其中一部賜

給浙江，藏于杭州文瀾閣。

Four Branches of Literature

in Wenlan Library

Emperor Kangxi had the voluminous

Four Branches of Literature compiled.

It comprises over 3,500 of the

different major Chinese classics of

all time. There were seven copies of

them produced at the time. One of

which was granted to Zhejiang and

is now in collection in Hangzhou’s

Wenlan Library.

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Hangzhou was the largest

city in the country and as stated in the preface to Annals of

Hangzhou Prefecture “Hangzhou is the most important city in

the southeastern coastal area. It is an image of excellence with

its vast land, large population, abundant resources, splendid

mountains, rivers, philosophers, grand houses and city walls, as

well as its throngs of merchants”.

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties (A period lasting roughly

500 years), Hangzhou was not only prosperous, but was even

more so a hub of Chinese culture. Prosperity and social stability

were catalysts to this flourishing development in culture,

ideology, literature and the arts. In addition, great achievements

were made in the fields of: medicine, mathematics, astronomy

and chemistry to name but a few.

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, much importance was

attached to education. As such,many learning centers were

established throughout Hangzhou, such as, Wansong Academy,

Wushan Academy, Tianzhen Academy and Liangfeng Academy

(Ming Dynasty), Fuwen Academy, Chongwen Academy, Ziyang

Academy and Gujing Academy (Qing Dynasty). These schools all

helped to develop Hangzhou’s rich talent and cultural heritage.

25

辛亥革命前后，杭州開始涌現(xiàn)大批有志之士，創(chuàng)辦文學(xué)報刊，引入世界潮

流，革故鼎新，開啟民智。這些進步人士大多成為中國近代文化史上的佼佼者，

例如“詩界革命”的倡導(dǎo)者夏曾佑，著名學(xué)者章太炎等?！拔逅倪\動”之后，更

是有大批文化人士前來杭州，新文學(xué)前輩作家魯迅、朱自清、葉圣陶等先后來

杭州任教，著名的杭州本土文學(xué)家郁達夫、夏衍、戴望舒、施蟄存等，也以自己

的創(chuàng)作和理論，為中國文化做出貢獻。

作為全國學(xué)術(shù)活動的重要地區(qū)，當(dāng)時的杭州出現(xiàn)了一批進步的學(xué)術(shù)團體。

一些愛國知識分子為了提倡科學(xué)、傳授知識、發(fā)展文化教育和科學(xué)事業(yè)，建

立各類群眾性學(xué)術(shù)團體。一些主要的全國性學(xué)術(shù)團體也在杭州建立分支機構(gòu)，

并多次在杭州召開年會及開展學(xué)術(shù)活動。據(jù)現(xiàn)有資料，民國時期杭州曾建立過

學(xué)術(shù)團體（包括全國性學(xué)術(shù)分支機構(gòu)）近三十個，其中知名團體有“天下第一

社”西泠印社、杭州商學(xué)會、浙江教育會等。

民國時期杭州人文鼎盛，是杭州歷史上濃墨重彩的一筆，遺風(fēng)流韻，一直

影響至今。

Before and after the Revolution of 1911, there appeared in Hangzhou a host

of people with lofty ideals. They created literary magazines that ushered in

world trends and reforms with the intention of enlightening China. Most of the

progressives, for example, Xia Zengyou advocator of the \"poetic revolution\" and

Zhang Taiyan a preeminent scholar both turned out to be very influential figures

in the modern history of Chinese culture. After the May Fourth Movement

more literati had teaching positions in Hangzhou, e.g, Lu Xun, Zhu Ziqing and Ye

Shengtao. They were all forerunners of new literature. In addition, some local

Hangzhou writers: Yu Dafu, Xia Yan, Dai Wangshu and Shi Zhecun also made

important literary and theoretical contributions to Chinese culture.

Hangzhou was a central area for national academic activities. At the time there

were some progressive and patriotic academic individuals that established many

new academic communities to advance science, knowledge, education and culture.

Some major national academic institutions had their branches set up in Hangzhou.

They would hold annual conferences and academic activities in them. The existent

literature demonstrates that during the Republic period there were nearly thirty

academic communities in Hangzhou. The most famous of which was the Xiling SealEngravers’ Society. It was renowned as the \"No. 1 Society in the World\" according

to the Hangzhou Society of Commerce and Zhejiang Association of Education.

The Republic period witnessed a cultural flourishing of Hangzhou and its influence

has remained until this day.

文海觀瀾，人文鼎盛

Sea of Literature

and Flourishing Culture

26

人文杭州 Hangzhou: Culture and People

西泠印社

⊙ 西 泠 印 社， 創(chuàng) 建 于 清 光 緒 三 十 年

（1904），由浙派篆刻家丁輔之、王福庵、

吳隱、葉為銘發(fā)起創(chuàng)建，吳昌碩為第

一任社長。以“保存金石，研究印學(xué)，

兼及書畫”為宗旨，是海內(nèi)外研究金

石篆刻歷史最悠久、成就最高、影響

最廣的國際性研究印學(xué)、書畫的民間

藝術(shù)團體，有“天下第一名社”之譽。

李叔同、黃賓虹、馬一浮、豐子愷、

吳湖帆、商承祚等近代名人均曾為西

泠印社社員。

Xiling Seal-Engravers’ Society

Xiling Seal-Engravers’ Society was set up in 1904. It was initiated

by the Zhejiang seal-cutters Ding Fuzhi, Wang Fu’an, Wu Yin, Ye

Weiming and Wu Changshuo. Its main the objectives included

the preserving of inscriptions on ancient bronze and stone

tablets, painting, calligraphy and also the researching of the seal

art. The society is the international folk art organization with

the longest history and most tangible achievements. It has even

attained the name of the most renowned society in the world.

Among its members were modern celebrities: Li Shutong,

Huang Binhong, Ma Yifu, Feng Zikai, Wu Hufan and Shang

Chengzuo to name but a few.

27

精致和諧，大氣開放

Exquisite Harmony

and Generous Liberality

杭州在歷史上創(chuàng)造過經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的輝煌，人文事業(yè)的鼎盛，如今又成

就了新的傳奇。今天的杭州，是浙江省的省會和經(jīng)濟、文化、科教中心，

協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展，規(guī)劃合理，整潔有序，文明守禮，曾獲得聯(lián)合國人居獎、國際

花園城市、東方休閑之都、中國十大最具經(jīng)濟活力城市、中國最具幸福

感城市等榮譽稱號。歷史上的杭州曾是中國古都、中國茶都、絲綢之府、

東南佛都，如今的杭州則是中國跨境電子商務(wù)綜合試驗區(qū)，是國家自主

創(chuàng)新示范區(qū)，以“工藝與民間藝術(shù)之都”加入聯(lián)合國教科文組織“全球

創(chuàng)意城市網(wǎng)絡(luò)”， 是全球首批加入學(xué)習(xí)型城市網(wǎng)絡(luò)的城市。孕育了阿里

巴巴的杭州，正全力共建共享歷史文化名城、創(chuàng)新活力之城、東方品質(zhì)

之城，努力建成美麗中國的樣本，朝著建設(shè)世界名城的目標大步邁進。

人文杭州 Hangzhou: Culture and People

Hangzhou with its historically brilliant economy and cultural contribution is

now making it becoming a new legend from its achievements. As the political,

economic, cultural and financial center of Zhejiang, Hangzhou has coordinated

development, reasoned planning, structure and is very courteous. It has won

numerous awards, e.g. UN Habitat Award, The International Garden City,

The Oriental Leisure City, one of the Top Ten Most Economically Vibrant

Cities and the award for Happiest City in China. Historically, it was the capital

of ancient China, the home of Chinese tea and silk, The Buddhist city of

southeastern China. Today it is now one of China's Cross Border E-Commerce

Comprehensive Experimental Zones and the National Independent Innovation

Demonstration Zone. It has been admitted into the UNESCO \"Global Creative

City Network\" as a capital of craft and folk arts. It is among the first cities in the

UNESCO global network of \"learning cities\". Currently, Hangzhou home of the

Alibaba Group is endeavoring to build itself into a city to match the richness of

its cultural history, a city of creative vitality, the highest quality oriental city and

a model city in the national construction of a splendid China. It aims to become

one of the great international metropolises.

29

中國為茶的故鄉(xiāng)，杭州是茶的閨房。杭州襟江帶湖，氣候溫潤，光照充

足，土質(zhì)微酸，擁有茶葉生產(chǎn)的極佳條件，自古以來都是名茶的產(chǎn)區(qū)。

杭州茶的歷史，最早可追溯到唐代，茶圣陸羽曾在他的著作《茶經(jīng)》

中記載了當(dāng)時杭州天竺、靈隱二寺出產(chǎn)茶葉的事跡。北宋年間，杭州的“香

林茶”、“白云茶”、“寶云茶”位列皇室貢品之中。南宋定都臨安（今杭州）

后，杭州的茶事更為興盛，全城茶肆遍布，飲茶之風(fēng)盛行。元朝時，龍井附近

所產(chǎn)的茶葉開始初露頭角，及至明朝，龍井茶開始走出寺院，進入普通老百

姓的茶盞，龍井之名也逐漸彰顯。到了清朝，乾隆帝更是對龍井茶青睞有加，

曾四次來到西湖龍井觀看制茶，品茶賦詩，相傳獅峰山下胡公廟前的十八棵

“御茶”就是乾隆所封。

杭州所產(chǎn)之茶多為綠茶，這其中最具盛名的莫過于位列中國名茶之首

的西湖龍井茶。龍井茶色澤翠綠，香氣濃郁，甘醇爽口，形如雀舌，有“色綠、

香郁、味甘、形美”四絕的特點。

在杭州還有一款著名的紅茶——九曲紅梅，生產(chǎn)已有兩百多年歷史，早

在 1886 年，就曾獲巴拿馬世界博覽會金獎。九曲紅梅茶形如銀鉤，細若發(fā)

絲，色澤烏潤，香氣芬馥，湯色鮮亮，葉底紅艷，入口有桂圓香，回味無窮。

文韻璀璨 2 Brilliant Culture

茶·馨

Tea

30

人文杭州 Hangzhou: Culture and People

China is the home of tea and Hangzhou is the best tea growing

location in China. This is owing to the pleasant location

surrounded by water, high humidity, adequate sunshine and its

acidic soil.

The cultivation of tea dates back to the Tang Dynasty. The

Classic of Tea by Lu Yu (a tea master) records how tea was

grown in the Tianzhu Temple and the Lingyin Temple in

Hangzhou. During the Northern Song Dynasty, Hangzhou’s

Xianglin Tea, Baiyun Tea and Baoyun Tea were among royal

tributes. After Lin’an (present-day Hangzhou) was made

capital of the Southern Song Dynasty, its tea business thrived,

with teahouses scattered across the city and drinking tea

becoming very fashionable. In Yuan Dynasty tea began to be

grown around Longjing area (Hangzhou) and it was not until

Ming Dynasty that Longjing Tea began to be drank outside of

the temples and moved into every household. Its fame grew

steadily. During the Qing Dynasty, Emperor Qianlong was an

avid fan of Longjing Tea and made four visits to inspect the tea

making as well as enjoy the tea, even writing poems about it. It

is said that Emperor Qianlong conferred a royal title on the 18

tea plants that stand in front of Hu Gong Temple at the foot of

Mount Lion.

Tea grown in Hangzhou is mostly green tea and the most

renowned is West Lake Longjing Tea. Its distinctive features

are its green color, fragrance, sweetness and beautiful shape

that rank it as the finest among all famous Chinese teas. After

the founding of the PRC, Longjing Tea has long been presented

as the tea for diplomatic gifts.

Hangzhou is also famous for Jiuqu Hongmei tea, a kind of black

tea about 200 years old. In 1886, it won the gold award at the

Panama World Expo. It is shaped like fine strokes of thin hair

and characterized by its dark luster, fragrance, red underside

and a lingering after-taste.

31

絲·柔

Silk

杭州自古素有“絲綢之府”的美譽，蠶桑絲綢文化源遠流長。

錢山漾遺址中曾出土過距今 4600 年前一塊灰褐顏色、薄如蟬翼

的絲織品，其工藝之高超，令世人驚嘆，證明早在新石器時代，杭州良

渚的先民就已經(jīng)掌握了種桑、養(yǎng)蠶、繅絲、織帛的技藝。

在唐朝，杭州生產(chǎn)的綾類有“天下為冠”的盛譽，白居易詩“紅袖

織綾夸柿蒂，青旗沽酒趁梨花”就描寫了當(dāng)時杭州絲織品的高超技藝。

南宋時期，杭州絲綢生產(chǎn)更為繁榮，技藝更為高超，一度出現(xiàn)了“機

杼之聲，比戶相聞”，“都民女士，羅綺如云”的欣榮景象。13 世紀意

大利著名旅行家馬可?波羅在《馬可?波羅游記》中這樣記載當(dāng)時的杭

州：“生產(chǎn)大量的絲綢，當(dāng)?shù)鼐用裰写蠖鄶?shù)的人，總是渾身綾絹，遍體

錦繡?！钡搅饲宕?，杭州官府織造局與江寧（南京）、蘇州織造局并稱

“江南三織造”，實際織造緞匹數(shù)量又以杭州局居首。及至近代，杭

州又涌現(xiàn)了一大批最早的知名絲綢工業(yè)企業(yè)，例如 1922 年創(chuàng)立的都

錦生絲織廠 ，是當(dāng)時中國最大的絲綢工藝品生產(chǎn)出口企業(yè)。

杭州氣候溫暖濕潤，利于蠶桑生長，生產(chǎn)出的蠶絲品質(zhì)很高。如

今，常年生產(chǎn)綢、緞、棉、紡、縐、綾、羅等十四個大類，兩百多個品種，

兩千余個花色，遠銷世界一百多個國家和地區(qū)。衍生的絲綢制品，如

著名的西湖綢傘、綢扇，不僅豐富著杭州人的生活情趣，也是游客來

杭必買的紀念品。

32

Hangzhou with its long history of silk culture has been acclaimed as the home of silk

since ancient times.

In the Qianshanyang remains of Liangzhu Culture, a 4,600-year old greyish brown and

thin piece of silk was found and excavated. It shows amazing craftsmanship indicating

that the forefathers of Liangzhu as early as in the Neolithic Age had already mastered

the techniques of mulberry cultivation, silkworm rearing, silk reeling and silk weaving.

During the Tang Dynasty, Hangzhou’s silk was famed as the best in the world and the

stanza “In spring women weave silk proudly and tourists drink in teahouses” by Tang

poet Bai Juyi describe vividly Hangzhou’s superb silk-weaving techniques. In the Southern

Song Dynasty, silk production in Hangzhou further boomed with new improved

silk-weaving techniques. This is shown clearly by the sentiments of the time; “every

household is involved in the art of silk weaving” and “all female residents are cloaked

in silk”. In Travel Notes of Marco Polo, the Italian traveler of the 13th century it gives

an account of Hangzhou that describes how silk was turned out in large quantity and

most of the local residents were dressed in silk. During the Qing Dynasty, Hangzhou

governmental Textile Bureau and its Jiangning (Nanjing) and Suzhou counterparts were

called the three southern hearts of textiles, and Hangzhou’s was far and away the top

silk producer amongst them. In modern times, numerous famous silk enterprises have

arisen in Hangzhou. For example, Dujinsheng Textile Factory, which was set up in 1922

quickly became the biggest silk production and export business company in China at the

time.

Hangzhou having been blessed with a climate of plentiful sunshine and decent rainfall is

very suitable for the growth of mulberries and therefore silkworms. These qualities are in

fact essential to all quality textiles. Today the textiles of Hangzhou fall into 14 categories

including satin, silk, cotton, spinning, crepe, ling, luo and over 200 types with more than

2,000 designs exported to over 100 countries and regions. Silk derived products such as

West Lake parasols and silk fans also enrich the life of the people of Hangzhou and are

fantastic souvenirs for tourists that come to Hangzhou.

杭州山水靈秀，是宗教修行的絕佳場所，自古以來，西湖周

山叢林云集，塔影婆娑。翻開西湖的湖山，就是一部佛教的歷史。

杭州佛教始傳于東晉，咸和三年 (328) 創(chuàng)建的靈隱寺是杭

州最早的古剎，至今已有 1600 多年歷史。五代吳越國時期，奉

行“信佛順天”，時有“東南佛國”之稱，是杭州佛教發(fā)展的一

個高峰點，雷峰塔就是吳越國時期所建；北宋時，杭州寺廟已有

360 座，到了南宋，增至 480 座，是杭州佛教發(fā)展的另一個黃金

時期，其中靈隱寺、凈慈寺位列當(dāng)時的禪宗五大叢林。元明清時

期，杭州佛教發(fā)展有所式微，但是總體規(guī)模仍呈發(fā)展勢態(tài)。迨至

民國，杭州北山路一帶依然寺廟林立，蔚為壯觀。

杭州在佛教發(fā)展過程中，形成北山、南山兩大寺廟群。在北

山，以靈隱寺為首，分布著三天竺、永福寺、韜光寺等寺廟，其中

靈隱寺至今仍是中國香火最旺的寺廟之一；在南山，以凈慈寺為

中心，寺廟林立，梵唄相聞，被稱為“佛國山”。

杭州佛教的影響深遠，輻射至日本、韓國以及東南亞地區(qū)。

創(chuàng)建于距今 1200 余年前的徑山寺，除了是佛教中國化之后最后

的高峰，同時也是日本臨濟宗的祖庭道場，在日本享有盛名。

由于杭州地處東南沿海，千百年來，杭州佛教與各國佛教長

期保持友好往來，在新時期，依然為加強世界佛教的國際交往、

維護世界和平做著貢獻。

禪·意

Zen Buddhism

人文杭州 Hangzhou: Culture and People

With its splendid landscape, Hangzhou is a

remarkable place for religious practice. West Lake

has been surrounded by famous temples since

ancient times and has witnessed the development

of Buddhism in China.

Buddhism was spreaded to Hangzhou during

the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Lingyin Temple is the

oldest temple in Hangzhou. It was set up in 328,

the 3rd year of emperors Xianhe's reign. In the

Five Dynasties and the Wuyue Kingdom period,

owing to peoples belief in Buddhism and natural

laws ,Hangzhou was famed as the southeastern

Buddhist city. Leifeng Pagoda (a famous pagoda

on the edge of West Lake) was later built at the

cultural peak of Buddhism in Hangzhou. Another

historical milestone of Buddhism in Hangzhou was

during the Northern Song Dynasty when there

were 360 temples and then again in the Southern

Song Dynasty when another 120 more temples

were built. Lingyin Temple and Jingci Temple are

among the top five main Zen temples of eastern

China. During the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties,

Buddhism in Hangzhou was generally on the

decline; however, during the Republic period, there

were still many temples to be found on North Hill

Road.

The Buddhist development in Hangzhou took place

most prominently on North and South Hill with

clusters of temples there. North Hill hosts Lingyin

Temple which includes the three Tianzhu Temples,

Yongfu Temple and Taoguang Temple, which is

amongst the most popular temples in China. Other

temples were also densely scattered around Jingci

Temple on the South Hill with scripture claiming it

as \"The Hill of the Buddhism Kingdom\".

Buddhism in Hangzhou exerted great influence on

Japan, South Korea and Southeast Asian countries.

Jingshan Temple, which was established 1,200 years

ago was the last peak of naturalized Buddhism

and enjoyed great fame in Japan as the ancestral

chamber of Rinzai School.

Located in the southeastern coastal area,

Hangzhou has kept close ties with other countries

in the Buddhist world for over a thousand

years. Furthermore, Hangzhou is still making

contributions to world peace today by promoting

Buddhis t communication among dif ferent

countries.

35

民·風(fēng)

Folk Culture

白居易·《正月十五日夜月》

燈火家家市，笙歌處處樓。無妨思帝里，不合厭杭州。

杭州自古以來就是民俗民間文化豐富的地區(qū)。

明朝田汝成的《西湖游覽志》和張岱的《陶庵夢憶》、《西湖夢尋》

中都以游記的形式，詳盡地記敘了宋、明杭州的歲時、婚喪、禮儀、信

仰等風(fēng)俗風(fēng)尚。馬可?波羅的游記中也記錄了元代杭州的繁華景象和

民俗風(fēng)情，他在文中寫道“北市之殷富與民俗之善良，固不可以言語形

容也”。清朝范祖述的《杭俗遺風(fēng)》，以十二大類一百八十條，對清代杭

州的社會風(fēng)俗作了詳盡記錄。他在自序中說杭州“四時行樂，靡麗紛華，

誠有無美不備，應(yīng)接不暇者”。

隨著歷史變遷，杭州的民俗文化逐漸豐富和衍變，形成杭州獨具

的江南特色。如今，杭州民俗民風(fēng)依然延續(xù)在杭州人的生活中，西湖香

市、吳山廟會、花朝節(jié)等傳統(tǒng)依然是杭州人民的盛會；吳山腳下、清河

坊等地，將傳統(tǒng)的民間文化、民間藝術(shù)搬上街頭，成為杭州民俗的大觀

園；西湖邊還演繹著武林調(diào)，運河邊小熱昏熱鬧非凡，白娘子和許仙的

故事還依然口口相傳……這些多姿多彩、內(nèi)涵豐富的民俗文化，是杭州

獨特魅力的重要組成部分。

The Evening of the 15th Day of the First Lunar Month (A poem by Bai Juyi)

Everywhere are melodies heard and lanterns lit.

One cannot but think on Hangzhou and appreciate it.

Hangzhou has a rich folk culture stretching back to antiquity.

During the Ming Dynasty, Tour of West Lake by Tian Rucheng, Dreamland of Zhejiang and

Recollections of West Lake by Zhang Dai all gave detailed accounts of Hangzhou's varied social

conventions and practices in the form of travel journals. These included the conventions and

practices at festivals, weddings, funerals, rituals, and even detailed many popular beliefs. In Travel

Notes of Marco Polo he wrote “the affluence and kindness of Hangzhou's residents are simply

beyond description”. Local Culture in Hangzhou by Fan Zusu of the Qing Dynasty classified

Hangzhou’s social customs into 180 practices and 12 categories (all with detailed accounts). His

preface said Hangzhou is a place “where people live in happiness and affluence amidst barrages

of natural beauty”.

The local culture has undergone many changing periods during its history and has been

diversified with unique features particular to the area South of the Yangtze River. Traditional

festivals like The West Lake Fair, Wushan Temple Fair and The Flower Festival are among the

most popular social events in Hangzhou. As some of Hangzhou's grand cultural gardens the

areas at the foot of Mount Wu and Hefang Street often hosts performances

imbued with traditional culture and folk arts. H a n g z h o u i s u n i q u e l y

fascinating due to its diversified social events and multilayered cultural

connotations represented by The Wulin Opera at West Lake, street rap

performances at the Grand Canal and popular performance of \"Romance of

Snake White and Xu Xian\".

杭州話

⊙杭州話是杭州獨特而寶貴的文化遺產(chǎn)。南宋定都杭州，帶來了

北方文化，杭州話在保持本地方言的同時又深受北方話的影響，

在語音語法上都發(fā)生了改變，表現(xiàn)出許多與周邊地區(qū)方言不一樣

的特點。例如：杭州話中的“三座門”——你們，我們，他們，

在周邊吳語系方言中從未有此用法；杭州話中也多“兒”化音，

小伢兒、花兒等發(fā)音，令杭州話聽上去別具趣味。

Hangzhou Dialect

The Hangzhou dialect is a valuable cultural heritage. After Hangzhou became

the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty, the northern culture came with it.

This began to influence the Hangzhou dialect in the areas of phonetics and

vocabulary while the core of the Hangzhou dialect was still kept intact. This

dialect shows features distinguishable from those of the neighboring Wu

dialects, e.g. the plural forms of “you”, “us” and “them” in Hangzhou dialect

have the curled “r” pronunciations exemplified by “Xiao ya’er” (meaning

child) and “hua’er” (meaning flowers), which give Hangzhou's dialect a very

distinctive flavor.

武林調(diào)

⊙武林調(diào)又名杭劇，用杭州話演唱，源于宣卷（宣講寶卷的簡稱 )。

由于曲調(diào)、詞句通俗，易被群眾接受，清末民初起，其逐漸在杭

城內(nèi)外廣為流行。

Wulin Opera

Wulin Opera (Hangzhou Opera) is a performance done entirely in the

Hangzhou dialect. It evolved out of Xuanjuan, a rap performance of Buddhist

scriptures. Due to its simple melodies and expressions, the opera was widely

accepted and gained popularity both in and out of Hangzhou at the turn of

Qing Dynasty and the Republic period.

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杭州中醫(yī)文化源遠流長，生生不息。早在新石器時代的跨湖橋文化

就出現(xiàn)了中國最早的“草藥罐子”；相傳黃帝時代，隱居于桐廬的藥學(xué)家

桐君曾撰寫了《桐君采藥錄》；東晉時著名的道家葛洪則結(jié)廬于葛嶺煉丹、

制藥?？v觀杭州的歷史，中醫(yī)薈萃，世家居多，南宋時最盛。到清代已經(jīng)出

現(xiàn)了足以撐起江南藥市的六大家：胡慶余堂、葉種德堂、張同泰、萬承志

堂、泰山堂以及方回春堂。

其中最為著名的就是創(chuàng)建于 1874 年的胡慶余堂，與北京同仁堂齊名，

有“北有同仁堂，南有慶余堂”一說。胡慶余堂經(jīng)營有道，始終秉承“戒

欺”祖訓(xùn)、“真不二價”的經(jīng)營方針，因療效卓著、誠信立本而享譽海內(nèi)外，

享有“江南藥王”之稱。如今，胡慶余堂依然每天開門問診，傳承著古老而

精深的中醫(yī)文化，延續(xù)著百年來的傳統(tǒng)和使命。除此之外，方回春堂、萬

承志堂、張同泰等傳統(tǒng)中醫(yī)館也依然對杭州人有著深刻的影響。

如今，杭州的中醫(yī)養(yǎng)生旅游初具規(guī)模，除了傳統(tǒng)中醫(yī)老字號聚集地河

坊街之外，還有 2014 年開業(yè)的五柳巷中醫(yī)街，位于運河畔的橋西歷史街

區(qū)也是杭州一條極具特色的中醫(yī)街，每年都吸引著大量的游客。

醫(yī)·道

Medicine

The Culture of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) in Hangzhou has a long

dynamic history. As early as the Kuahuqiao Culture from the Neolithic Age,

the first Chinese herb pots were used. A common legend goes that Tong Jun,

a recluse pharmacist of Tonglu living in the age of Emperor Huang (one of the

forefathers of China), wrote Tong Jun’s Accounts of Herb Picking. Then during the

Eastern Jin Dynasty, Ge Hong, a famous Taoist had a small cabin built on the

Ge Ridge to practice alchemy and make drugs. As this illustrates the history

of Hangzhou is full of TCM doctors, they were most commonly found in the

Southern Song Dynasty. During the Qing Dynasty the TCM markets of the

south were separated into six major areas: Huqingyu Hall, Yezhongde Hall,

Zhangtongtai Hall, Wanchengzhi Hall, Taishan Hall and Fanghuichun Hall.

Huqingyu Hall was established in 1874. It is the most renowned of the six halls

and comparable to Beijing's Tongren Hall, hence the saying “Beijing Tongren Hall

in the north and Huqingyu Hall in the south”. Abiding by its ancestral principle of

“honesty” and ardently adhering to its business code of a single price for the same

high quality medicine, Huqingyu Hall became world-acclaimed as the Medical

King of the south. The medicine was both effective and the hall was praised for its

integrity. Today it continues to provide patients with daily diagnosis, sharing the

wisdom and tradition of old TCM. The other clinics also still play an important

role in Hangzhou citizens’ life.

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